Turtle Survival
A PUBLICATION OF THE TURTLE SURVIVAL ALLIANCE
2013
Recently Dwight Lawson (TSA Vice President) and
I were presented with a question from a reporter
about the range and impact of TSA's activities
around the world. After some thought, we both
arrived at a similar response about what sets
TSA apart: Dwight said that TSA has created a
global network I called it a culture that not
only inspires, but catalyzes and facilitates turtle
conservation work. Regardless of the terminol-
ogy, the fact that TSA exists, and is expanding
its reach into an increasing number of turtle
diversity hotspots, provides opportunities to our
many colleagues that are facing turtle conserva-
tion challenges. The message is clear: they are not
alone and there are resources available to help. We
take great pride in the TSA's ability to take swift
action and to respond in the face of a crisis. This is
especially true with wildlife trade overwhelm-
ingly the leading threat to the survival of turtles
and tortoises worldwide where the TSA network
has vastly improved the capability to humanely
deal with confiscations. Enforcement officials
dealing with a seizure of turtles need to know that
they have somewhere to turn, and from Burma
and India to Madagascar, the TSA is provid-
ing that service. Our growing network is often
able to provide the needed resources whether
it is veterinary assistance, husbandry training
or technical support and our lines are always
open. Are we everywhere we need to be around
the globe? No, but we are working to expand our
network into new hotspots, with Indonesia on the
horizon. We also seek to increase partnerships
among grassroots organizations, working locally
to protect specific populations, because at the end
of the day, that is where the battle to save turtles
will be won or lost.
Where TSA works across the globe is
influenced by a number of factors, and we have
refined our strategy over the years. Taking our
Strengthening the Culture of Turtle Conservation:
TSA's Expanding Global Network
cues from the IUCN Red List process, as well
as a prioritized list of turtle diversity hotspot
countries, we are always looking for opportuni-
ties where we can be both effective and strategic,
partnering with other organizations when
possible. Given that we often find ourselves in an
emergency intervention mode, struggling to save
species that have reached critically low numbers,
many of our programs involve a captive compo-
nent such as headstarting or assurance colonies.
The sad reality is that we are seeing a growing
number of species that, at least for the foresee-
able future, have little chance for survival in the
wild. As much as we strive to save species in their
native country, some species continue to decline.
Market driven collecting pressures are simply
too intense for them to persist. For this group of
species, and in striving to maintain our commit-
ment to zero turtle extinctions, we launched the
Turtle Survival Center (TSC) in 2012.
The TSC is rapidly developing into a cen-
terpiece of our network of global assurance
colonies and we have finally consolidated much
of our collection at the South Carolina facility.
Three full time staff are now living on site and
construction and renovation work has been mov-
ing at a steady pace all summer. New Phase One
facilities include a tortoise barn, a quarantine
facility, a complex for forest and shade-dwelling
species and several greenhouses. These facilities
will provide space to hold our core collection, but
we will need to expand rapidly as the collection
grows. Maintaining well-managed and geneti-
cally diverse assurance colonies requires a lot of
space, and the SC site is designed for expansion.
These are exciting times for the TSA as we work
to develop the TSC while maintaining critical
support to our field programs. As challenging as
these undertakings are, the decision was made
easy by one overriding fact: we simply didn't have
a choice. We take our commitment to preventing
turtle extinctions very seriously, and the TSC
will, in time, transform the face of the TSA as
well as our ability to impact turtle conservation.
To our many members, volunteers and sup-
porters, please realize how much we value your
contributions and all that you do to improve the
outlook for turtles and tortoises. We look for-
ward to the day when we can host you at the TSC.
R I C K H U D S O N
FROM THE PRESIDENT'S DESK
PHOTO CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 01 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FEATURES
PARTNER NEWS
EXCLUSIVES, NEWS AND
ANNOUNCEMENTS
RANGE COUNTRY UPDATES
Inside Cover | From the President's Desk
2 | Board of Directors
3 | Meet the Staff
4 | Conservation Notes
14 | Turtle Survival Center
21 | Capital Campaign
22 | Pat Koval Profile
24 | Sulawesi Forest Turtle Breeding
26 | African Hinge-back Tortoises
52 | SOS Batagur
55 | Communication in Aquatic Turtles
6 | Partners
7 | Turtle Conservation Fund
8 | TSA Europe
12 | NAFTRG
57 | Member Spotlights
59 | Bern Tryon Memorial
60 | Behler Award
64 | Donor Recognition
28 | Madagascar
32 | Bangladesh
34 | India
39 | Myanmar
43 | Cambodia
44 | China
45 | Africa
47 | Belize
49 | Indonesia
50 | Colombia
ABOUT THE COVER: This year's cover photo for Turtle Survival is largely symbolic, combining images of the new Turtle Survival Center (TSC) in South Carolina
with an Asian box turtle (Cuora), one of the primary targeted species groups. Cuora are emblematic of the reason why the TSA must develop such a Center, and
represent the most threatened group of turtles in the world: 12 of the 13 recognized species are ranked Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List. Worse,
some of the species are already extinct in the wild, or biologically extinct, meaning that the populations are too small to be viable, consisting mainly of scattered,
aging adults. Sadly, the number of turtle species "slipping through the cracks" and edging closer to extinction is growing, victims of chronic and uncontrolled
poaching pressures. For these species, the TSC is being developed. When fully operational, the Center will provide a secure future to at least twenty species
that have little chance for survival in nature, having essentially become refugees in their native lands. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
TURTLE SURVIVAL
ALLIANCE
Board of Directors
Rick Hudson, President
Dwight Lawson, Ph.D., Vice President
Walter Sedgwick, Treasurer
Scott Davis, Ph.D., Executive Director
James Breheny
Bill Dennler
Michael Fouraker
Bill Holmstrom
John Iverson, Ph.D.
Pat Koval, LLD
Lonnie McCaskill
John Mitchell
Russ Mittermeier
Colin Poole
Hugh Quinn, Ph.D.
Anders Rhodin, M.D.
Frank Slavens
Andrew Walde
Robert Wiese, Ph.D.
Bill Zeigler
Advisory Committee
Gary Ades
Bernard Devaux
Tomas Diagne
Arthur Georges, Ph.D.
Eric Goode
Doug Hendrie
Brian Horne, Ph.D.
Gerald Kuchling, Ph.D.
Jackie Litzgus, Ph.D.
Bill Ninesling
Peter Praschag, Ph.D.
Maurice Rodrigues
Peter Paul van Dijk, Ph.D.
Dick Vogt, Ph.D.
Henk Zwartepoorte
Program Manager
Heather Lowe
Director of Animal Management
Cris Hagen
Contents of this publication should be cited as: Author. (2013) Article Title. Turtle Survival, pp. xxxx.
Turtle Survival Alliance 2013
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august 2013 02 turtle survival
The Turtle Survival Alliance is pleased to an-
nounce the appointment of Dr. Robert Wiese to
the TSA Board of Directors. Dr. Wiese serves
San Diego Zoo Global as the chief life sciences
officer. In this role he is responsible for a variety
of administrative, operational and budgetary
activities. Prior to taking this position in 2006,
Bob worked at the Fort Worth Zoo as director of
animal collections. He also served as assistant
director of conservation and science for the As-
sociation of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
Well versed in conservation and animal care
projects, Bob has worked with a variety of taxa,
helping develop the AZA's Species Survival
Plan for numerous species. He has also done
extensive field work studying bird species in
Southern California and bullfrog populations in
the Western U.S., the topic of his doctoral dis-
sertation. A centerpiece of Bob's work with the
AZA community is a diverse, extensive body of
literature on breeding strategies to maintain ge-
netic diversity in zoo populations and to aid the
recovery of endangered and threatened species.
He has authored or co-authored dozens of books,
articles and papers and has held training courses
and made presentations throughout the world to
professional and academic organizations.
Board member Raymond A. Saumure recently
stepped down from the Board, citing a desire to
streamline his professional obligations and spend
more time with his family. Ray's keen sense of
strategic planning was greatly appreciated and his
ideas for short and long term development solutions
will continue to influence the TSA. Ray served
generously during his time on the Board and is
committed to continuing support of the TSA.
B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S
Changes to the TSA Board of Directors
The Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) was created in 2001 in
response to the rampant and unsustainable harvest of Asian turtles
to supply Chinese markets, a situation that came to be known
as "The Asian Turtle Crisis." For its first seven years, the TSA
worked under the umbrella of the World Conservation Union
(IUCN). In 2005, it was registered as an independent 501(c)(3)
non-profit, based in Fort Worth, Texas and a dedicated Board
of Directors was selected in January 2009. From the day it was
founded until today, the TSA has remained focused on a single
goal: no turtle extinctions in the 21st century.
The TSA is an action-oriented global partnership, focusing on
species that are at high risk of extinction, and working in turtle
diversity hotspots around the world. Working in collaboration with
zoos, aquariums, universities, private turtle enthusiasts, veterinar-
ians, government agencies, and conservation organizations, the
TSA is widely recognized as a catalyst for turtle conservation with a
reputation for swift and decisive action. With projects or programs
in Belize, Colombia, Europe, Madagascar, Senegal, and throughout
Asia, the TSA has grown into a global force for turtle conservation.
The opening of the Turtle Survival Center in South Carolina has
greatly enhanced our ability to protect the most vulnerable species
through ex-situ captive breeding.
About the Turtle
Survival Alliance
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 03 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Meet the Staff
CHRISTINE BOWIE
As the TSA has grown over the years, the
role of Heather Lowe, our long time Program
Coordinator, has also grown. With the advent of
the Turtle Survival Center, it became clear that
it was no longer possible for one person to do
all that was required to keep the TSA function-
ing smoothly. As a result, Heather has been
promoted into the position of TSA Program Man-
ager and we are pleased to welcome Christine
Bowie aboard as the organization's new Program
Coordinator. Christine comes to the TSA after
eight years as a manager in the Fort Worth Zoo's
animal department. During her time in that role,
Christine oversaw a collection that included
many rare chelonians, affording her the opportu-
nity to work with the TSA's Animal Management
team. Before her time at the Zoo, Christine was
in New York City with the Wildlife Conserva-
tion Society, where she worked at the New York
Aquarium.
Christine will be helping with many of the
daily operations of the TSA, including member-
ship management and social media, and will be
based at the Fort Worth Zoo.
LUKE WYRWICH
Luke joins the TSA team as the Lead Keeper
at the Turtle Survival Center. His passion for
turtles started at the age of five, when he began
catching box turtles while camping in his native
Missouri. Luke began his career by earning a
bachelor's degree in Biology at Saint Louis Uni-
versity. While in school, he acquired a wide list of
experiences, including water feature construc-
tion, field research with the University of South
Dakota, and an internship in the Herpetarium at
the Saint Louis Zoo.
After graduating, Luke moved to work in the
Zoo Atlanta Herpetology Department. There he
quickly found a niche as the zoo's turtle expert,
having only chelonians under his direct care
since 2010. In the last five years he has gained
knowledge and skills that include enclosure de-
sign and construction, carpentry, and plumbing
that will prove invaluable in his new role at the
TSC. He also has extensive expertise in chelo-
nian husbandry, having cared for more than 30
species and 150 specimens at Zoo Atlanta, most
of which are from Southeast Asia.
SHEENA KOETH
Sheena Koeth joins the TSA team as Vet-
erinary Care Manager at the Turtle Survival
Center, and hails from the Cleveland Metroparks
Zoo (CMZ), where she worked for 13 years as a
Registered Veterinary Technician. With support
from CMZ, she has been a field technician for
the Gharial Conservation Alliance since 2008,
as well as a volunteer consultant for TSA India.
Sheena has volunteered with many field projects
in the Cleveland area, including surveys for
native turtle populations over several years.
These opportunities were often used to teach
field techniques to select students from Ohio
State University's veterinary programs. Sheena
has also guest-taught reptile medical techniques
at both Cleveland area veterinary technology
schools, and mentored many students.
Sheena was a volunteer consultant and exotic
animal handler for humane officers during
rescue and confiscation operations in Cleveland,
as well as a member of the USDA Ohio Veterinary
Emergency Responders. Over the past decade,
Sheena has raised funds for TSA in many ways
and has been a tireless volunteer. She brings to
the TSA many years of experience with a special
interest in turtles.
august 2013 04 turtle survival
C O N S E R VAT I O N N O T E S
Turtle Biology and
Conservation Notes
This section is intended to collect and publish scattered field records and observations that would be unlikely to be formally published
through scientific journals or other established publications, but are worth recording. Submissions can include new locality records for
species, exceptional size records, noteworthy observations of feeding, reproduction, predation or other natural history aspects, as well
as items to summarise recent developments regarding the formal and informal conservation of tortoises and freshwater turtles world-
wide, including (but not limited to) changes in laws and regulations covering turtles, establishment of protected areas of significance to
turtles, changes in the Red List status of turtles, and proposed changes to turtle taxonomy. Text sections should be short, and where
possible link to sources of more detailed information. Submissions of items for possible inclusion can be made at any time by emailing
hlowe@turtlesurvival.org.
One of the deceased turtles from the Kinabatangan River. PHOTO CREDIT: DGFC/SWD
Pelochelys cantorii: Two specimens of Asian
Giant Softshell Turtle, Pelochelys cantorii, were
recorded from the Kinabatangan River (5.40N,
118.02E), Sabah, Malaysia, on 23 March and 6
April 2013. The first, a male animal, weighed 26
Kg and with a shell (dorsal disk: bony carapace
+ cartilaginous margin) of 62.5 cm long and 58.4
TURTLE DISTRIBUTION NOTES
cm wide along the curve; the second, a female,
weighed 30 Kg with curved shell length of 72.5
cm and width of 61.6 cm and may have been un-
derweight. Both animals were found floating dead
in the river; no significant external or internal
injuries were found on necropsy, and the animals
were thought to have died of natural causes a few
days earlier. These are apparently the first records
of P. cantorii from the Kinabatangan River.
Submitted by Peter Riger* ,
Fernando Njera**, Sergio Guerrero Sanchez** and
Benoit Goossens**
*Houston Zoo; Texas, USA; **Danau Girang Field
Centre, Sabah Wildlife Department, Malaysia.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 05 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
C O N S E R VAT I O N N O T E S
The IUCN/SSC Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle
Specialist Group's Turtle Taxonomy Work-
ing Group (TTWG) published its latest annual
Checklist of Turtles in December 2012; it can be
downloaded from http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/
checklist/
Compared to the 2011 checklist, the following
changes were adopted:
The subspecies Mauremys caspica sieben-
rocki and M. c. ventrimaculata were synony-
mized, so that Mauremys caspica no longer has
subspecies.
Chelonoidis petersi was synonymized with
C. chilensis.
Kinixys nogueyi and K. zombensis were
recognized as full species; they were previously
treated as subspecies of Kinixys belliana. The
Tortoises and freshwater turtles played a
significant supporting role at the 16th CITES
Conference of Parties held in Bangkok, Thai-
land, 3-14 March 2013.
A total of 26 species native to Asian and
North America were added to Appendix II,
including Mauremys nigricans, Geoemyda
spengleri, Sacalia bealei and S. quadriocel-
lata, Palea steindachneri, Pelodiscus axenaria,
P. maackii and P. parviformis, and Rafetus
swinhoei, which were previously covered by
China's Appendix III listing, and Clemmys
guttata, Emydoidea blandingii, Malaclemys ter-
rapin, the genus Cyclemys, Geoemyda japonica,
Hardella thurjii, Mauremys japonica, Melano-
chelys trijuga, Morenia petersi, Vijayachelys
silvatica, Dogania subplana, Nilssonia formosa,
and N. (Aspideretes) leithii, which were not
covered by CITES previously.
Sixteen species already listed in Appendix
II had zero quotas imposed for trade in wild-
collected animals for commercial purposes:
Chelodina mccordi, Batagur borneoensis, B.
trivittata, all Cuora species except C. amboi-
nensis, Heosemys annandalii, H. depressa,
Mauremys annamensis, and Orlitia borneensis.
Four species were transferred from Ap-
pendix II to App. I: Platysternon megaceph-
alum (as Family Platysternidae), Geochelone
platynota, Chitra chitra, and C. vandijki. All
these changes came into effect in June.
In parallel, 17 Decisions were adopted,
which collectively direct the Parties to
improve enforcement of existing laws and
regulations, and to improve reporting on legal
and illegal turtle trade, on trade in parts and
derivatives, and on confiscations; direct the
CITES Secretariat to compile and analyze
this information, where possible with the
assistance of external consultants; direct the
Secretariat to engage external consultants to
provide guidance to making non-detriment
findings for turtles and develop and dis-
tribute identification materials; and direct
the Animals and Standing Committees to
evaluate this information and act on it, as
well as include three turtle species in the
Periodic Review as a matter of priority. Over
time, these measures should reduce the
impact of exploitation on turtle populations
and increase their prospects for survival at
ecologically meaningful densities.
The original proposals can be accessed at
http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/16/prop/in-
dex.php, results can be found at http://www.
cites.org/eng/notif/2013/E-Notif-2013-012.
pdf, the Decisions regarding turtle trade are
in document 58 at http://www.cites.org/eng/
cop/16/doc/index.php, and detailed records of
discussions are at http://www.cites.org/eng/
cop/16/sum/index.php.
Peter Paul van Dijk, p.vandijk@conservation.org
TURTLE TRADE REGULATION CHANGES AT
THE 16TH CITES CONFERENCE OF PARTIES
RECENT CHANGES IN
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF TURTLES
Madagascar form domerguei, previously placed
as subspecies of K. belliana, was transferred to be
a subspecies of K. zombensis.
Full details of the justification for these
changes, and references to the original literature
proposing these taxonomic changes, are given in
the Annotations in the 2012 TTWG Checklist.
Opinion 2316 of the International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN),
published in March 2013, recommended that the
name Chelodina oblonga Gray, 1841 be used for
the northern Australian species currently known
as Chelodina rugosa Ogilby, 1890, while the name
Chelodina colliei Gray 1856 should be used for the
longnecked turtle of southwestern Australia (tra-
ditionally called C. oblonga). Further informa-
tion: http://iczn.org/node/40312
Opinion 2316 of the ICZN, also of March 2013,
fixed the scientific name for the Aldabra Tortoise
to Testudo gigantea, suppressing the name Tes-
tudo dussumieri, so that the current valid name is
Aldabrachelys gigantea, and the names Dipso-
chelys (genus) and dussumieri (species) should no
longer be used. Further information: http://iczn.
org/node/40313
Two new names for Alligator Snapping
Turtles were coined by Raymond Hoser in April
2013. There are significant nomenclatural, tech-
nical and biological challenges inherent in these
descriptions, and at this time it seems appropri-
ate to treat the names Macrochelys temminckii
muscati and Macrochelys maxhoseri as synonyms
of Macrochelys temminckii.
Peter Paul van Dijk, p.vandijk@conservation.org
august 2013 06 turtle survival
PA R T N E R S
From our inception, the TSA was intended to be an alliance of partners that
shared in a common goal zero turtle extinctions. Since our formation in 2001,
partnerships have proven to be the secret to our success. The organizations
listed here provide a range of services to our collective mission, including: guid-
ance, networking, strategic planning, funding, turtle care and rescue facilities,
animal management, marketing and public relations, field research, logistical
and technical support, salaried positions, and a host of other resources. Sig-
nificantly, some of these have been with us since the early days and were there
when the TSA was born. All are integral to our success. On behalf of the Board
of Directors of the TSA, we salute this remarkable group of dedicated partners.
Partners are the
Key to Our Success
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 07 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The Turtle Conservation Fund (TCF) was founded
in 2002, initially as a partnership initiative of Con-
servation International, the IUCN/SSC Tortoise
and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, and the
Turtle Survival Alliance. It has since expanded
to also include the Shellshock Campaign of the
European Association of Zoos and Aquaria,
Humane Society InternationalAustralia, the
Turtle Conservancy, and Chelonian Research
Foundation. Primary support for the TCF and
its grant-making capabilities has come from the
Shellshock Campaign, Humane Society Interna-
tionalAustralia, the Frankel Family Foundation,
and extraordinarily generous private donations
from George Meyer and Maria Semple, with lo-
gistic and operational support from Conservation
International and Chelonian Research Founda-
tion, and welcome venue support for its meetings
from the Turtle Conservancy, the Maritime Hotel,
the TSA Symposium, and the National Aquarium.
Attesting to its international perspective,
the TCF advisory and review board is composed
of 27 turtle experts from ten nations who are
globally active in turtle conservation: Hugh R.
Quinn and Anders G.J. Rhodin (Co-Chairs), Gary
Ades, Chris B. Banks, Kurt A. Buhlmann, An-
toine Cadi, Bernard Devaux, Matt Frankel, Eric
Goode, Douglas B. Hendrie, Brian D. Horne, Rick
Hudson, John Iverson, Gerald Kuchling, Richard
Lewis, Luca Luiselli, George Meyer, Russell A.
Mittermeier, Vivian Pez, Hans-Dieter Philip-
pen, Colin Poole, Peter C.H. Pritchard, Martina
Raffel, Walter C. Sedgwick, Peter Paul van Dijk,
Andrew Walde, and Henk Zwartepoorte.
From its first grants awarded in 2003 through
its most recent funding cycle in February 2013, the
TCF has supported turtle conservation projects
in 40 nations around the globe (see map). An
impressive total of over $687,000 in grants has
been awarded to 147 projects, directly benefitting
93% of the IUCN Red List's Critically Endangered
tortoises and freshwater turtles. Last year alone
TCF provided $71,955 to 17 projects in nine na-
tions, helping more than a dozen highly imperiled
species, as well as providing support for the TSA's
new Turtle Survival Center in South Carolina.
A total of 436 grant proposals for a total of
$2,325,642 in requests have been received by
TCF to the present, of which 34% have been
funded. The average award has been about
$4700, with support ranging from $1000 to
10,000 per project. Of the Turtle Conservation
Coalition's "Turtles in Trouble: The World's Top
25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwa-
ter Turtles 2011," projects representing all 25
species have been funded. Of TCF's 57 Priority
Species (August 2012 list), projects representing
40 (70%) have been supported, and the TCF has
also provided support for facilities and projects
that impact many additional species.
Through the ongoing efforts of TCF and its
partner institutions and individuals, we will
ardently and passionately continue to pursue
our mission to conserve the world's tortoises
and freshwater turtles so that no more species
become extinct in our time.
The Turtle Conservation Fund:
20022013 Update
Anders G.J. Rhodin and Hugh R. Quinn
T S A PA R T N E R N E W S
TURTLE CONSERVATION FUND
Number of tortoise and
freshwater turtle species
per geographic area
Approximate locations of all TCF projects funded from 2003 to 2013. Each dot represents one or more projects in the same approximate location (multiple projects in China,
Myanmar, and Madagascar and elsewhere are represented by only a few dots each).
august 2013 08 turtle survival
Founded in 1997, ARCO-Nepal (Amphibian and
Reptile Conservation of Nepal), is a conserva-
tion society whose mission includes increased
awareness of biology, systematics, and the
conservation of amphibians and reptiles in
Nepal. The acronym ARCO utilizes an English
translation of the Nepali name to emphasize
international collaboration. "Arco" in Nepali
also means "the bow", or "rainbow", a symbol
for nature that spans our efforts, and also serves
as ARCO's colorful logo.
ARCO-Nepal actively supports the Turtle
Conservation Project (Systematics, Biology
and Conservation of the Turtles of Nepal), an
endeavor approved by the Nepalese government
T S A E U R O P E
ARCO NEPAL
Nepal's Budo Holy Turtle Rescue and
Conservation Center Under Construction
Henk Zwartepoorte and Hermann Schleich
in January 1997. We also study the conservation
needs and habitats of the amphibian and reptil-
ian fauna of our nation.
THE CHELONIANS OF NEPAL
It is believed that there may be up to 17 turtle
species in Nepal, though only 14 have been
confirmed at present, with all occurrences in the
lower subtropical parts of the country.
Future investigations are needed to de-
termine whether species from neighboring
countries such as Geoclemys hamiltoni, Morenia
petersi, or the big Batagurs (B. donghoka, B.
kachuga) ever were or might still exist within
Nepal's borders. All freshwater turtle species and
tortoises in Nepal currently have some degree of
endangered status.
THE BUDO HOLY TURTLE CENTER UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
With its launch in 1997, ARCO-Nepal began
planning and researching the construction of a
turtle rescue and conservation center, along with
the establishment of a turtle recovery plan that
would benefit the local Nepalese people. The Budo
Holy project in southeastern Nepal will be the cul-
mination of this effort, offering a win-win scenario
for both endangered turtles and local people.
Once built this rescue and breeding center, will
become a home for priority species that will be kept
Construction is underway on a new turtle conservation center in Nepal. PHOTO CREDIT: ARCO NEPAL
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 09 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
and bred here in order to establish local assurance
colonies. Within the center's protected wetlands,
freshwater turtle species will be reintroduced in
collaboration with and under the surveillance of
the Department of National Parks & Wildlife.
In April 2012, a Memorandum Of Understand-
ing was signed between local Nepali authorities
(SUMMEF) and ARCO Nepal, making the turtle
conservation center a joint venture. ARCO has
agreed with the Nepalese government to contribute
$35,000 for the development of the turtle breeding
center. 15.000 is needed to start planning, design-
ing and building. In 2012, the Dutch and Belgium
Turtle and Tortoise Society (NBSV) agreed to fund
the project from 2012 to 2014, a promising start
that should allow us to get construction underway.
Other funding sources are being explored.
Important work has already been completed
outdoors at the Budo Holy park. The park's large
main lakeonce emptyhas now been filled with
water thanks to the repair of its dam, and plant-
ings have been added. A smaller lake and several
pools are under construction and will be done
soon. All these water bodies have been fenced to
keep turtles in and unwanted people out.
At present, turtles found by local people in
the vicinity of the Budo Holy park are brought to
the already existing SUMMEF park's recreation
lakean unprotected visitors area. These ani-
mals will eventually become the founder animals
for ARCO's assurance breeding colonies. Breed-
ing and rearing tanks are planned in the future,
as are quarantine areas and a small veterinary
room for examination, treatment and isolation of
sick animals. Plans have been drawn up for the
buildings.
Participation by local people is vital to the
success of this project. We hope, for example,
to get nearby communities involved in breeding
food items such as live fish, and growing veg-
etables, to fulfill the daily dietary needs of turtles
kept at the center.
ARCO'S ONGOING EDUCATION INITIATIVES
The Budo Holy project also will include a strong
awareness and education component, which is still
under development. Booklets and posters have
already been created for the program, and are avail-
able to local education groups as a free download
from our website at www.ARCO-Nepal.de. In sum-
mer 2013, a completely new and updated Nepal field
guide will be issued by ARCO-Nepal.
Henk Zwartepoorte, TSA Europe chair, NBSV conservation
officer and ARCO Nepal Advisory board, h.zwartepoorte@
rotterdamzoo.nl; Hermann Schleich, Chair ARCO Nepal
and ARCO Spain, schleich.hermann@t-online.de.
Dried "wetland" before damming. PHOTO CREDIT: ARCO NEPAL
Restored main lake. PHOTO CREDIT: ARCO NEPAL
august 2013 10 turtle survival
2012, with a total of 80 hatchlings of 12 spe-
cies/subspecies, has been the most successful
year ever for the nearly ten-year old breeding
program of the IZS at the Mnster Zoo a joint
project of Muenster Zoo, the Zoological Society
for the Conservation of Species and Populations
(ZGAP), and the German Herpetological Society
(DGHT).
Within the species of the genus Cuora alto-
gether 46 offspring hatched. A Sulawesi Forest
Turtle (Leucocephalon yuwonoi) and three
Arakan Forest Turtles (Heosemys depressa) also
hatched. A larger number of the Red-necked
Pond Turtle (Chinemys nigricans) and the Viet-
namese Pond Turtle (Mauremys annamensis)
T S A E U R O P E
IZS/MNSTER ZOO
Best Year Ever at the
International Centre for
the Conservation of Turtles
(IZS) at Muenster Zoo
Dr. Martina R affel and Elmar Meier
were incubated again in 2012, at the request of
other institutions and potential holders. A total
of 415 C. nigricans specimens were hatched,
with more than 400 of them surviving from
the start of operations in 2003 up to Decem-
ber 2012. About two-thirds of these have been
transferred on breeding loan to zoos, museums,
rescue centers, or to experienced private turtle
enthusiasts in ten countries.
A major transfer was the import of 21 Cuora
cyclornata on breeding loan from Kadoorie Farm
and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong. Sixteen of these
were transferred to four studbook participants
of the European Studbook Foundation, while five
of them remained within the IZS. The first eggs
have been laid in 2013, and we expect hatching to
begin soon.
Another major transfer will hopefully take
place very soon: In cooperation with Rotterdam
Zoo it is planned that offspring of the Vietnam-
ese Pond Turtle from Mnster, Rotterdam and
a German private breeder will be transferred to
Vietnam. They first will be housed at the "Turtle
Conservation Center" at Cuc Phuong National
Park. As soon as the proposed turtle station in
central Vietnam has been established, they will
be moved into their area of origin.
Dr. Martina Raffel, Curator for in situ Conservation,
Allwetterzoo Muenster, Sentruper Strasse 315, 48161,
Muenster, Germany raffel@allwetterzoo.de.
Hatchling of the Indochinese Box Turtle (Cuora galbinifrons). PHOTO CREDIT: ROLAND WIRTH
No. of
hatchlings
English name
Scientific name
16
Red-necked
Pond Turtle
Chinemys nigricans
9
Yellow-headed
Box Turtle
Cuora aurocapitata
1
Bourret's Box
Turtle
Cuora bourreti
6
Golden Coin Box
Turtle
Cuora cyclornata
cyclornata
6
Meier's Golden
Coin Box Turtle
Cuora cyclornata meieri
1
Ryukyu Yellow-
margined Box
Turtle
Cuora flavomarginata
evelynae
3
Indochinese Box
Turtle
Cuora galbinifrons
14
McCord's Box
Turtle
Cuora mccordi
7
Zhou's Box Turtle Cuora zhoui
3
Arakan Forest
Turtle
Heosemys depressa
1
Sulawesi Forest
Turtle
Leucocephalon yuwonoi
13
Vietnamese
Pond Turtle
Mauremys annamensis
OFFSPRING HATCHED AT IZS IN 2012
Five hatchlings of Zhou's Box Turtle (Cuora zhoui),
hatched in 2012. PHOTO CREDIT: ROLAND WIRTH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 11 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
A group of 30 Spiny Hill Turtles (Heosemys spino-
sa) arrived at the Prague Zoo in January 2002 as
part of a TSA rescue operation to save cheloni-
ans confiscated in Hong Kong. The Amphibian
and Reptile Taxon Advisory Group (ARTAG) of
the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
(EAZA) appealed to its members for assistance,
and the Prague Zoo accepted five species of
turtles, including H. spinosa.
We were building an Indonesian jungle house
at the time, so immediately adapted a portion of
it as an exhibit for endangered Southeast Asian
turtles. Two nonpublic rooms behind-the-scenes
were converted into a turtle breeding center.
The Hong Kong turtles settled in, and posi-
T S A E U R O P E
PR AGUE ZOO
Nine Year Effort to Breed
Spiny Hill Turtle (Heosemys
spinosa) Succeeds at
Prague Zoo, Czech Republic
Petr Velensky
tive results came quickly. In 2003, we bred Cuora
amboinensis for the first time. In 2006, we bred
Siebenrockiella crassicollis and Heosemys grandis.
In 2007, our first Orlitia borneensis hatched.
The only Hong Kong species that didn't breed
successfully was Heosemys spinosa. Success
would require a nine-year effort.
H. spinosa was originally the only species
without a public exhibit; we felt exhibition would
stress this sensitive species. Instead, in 2003 we
set up a non-public breeding enclosure inside
our greenhouse for a 1.2 group. The females lived
inside a well-planted 4 x 2 meter enclosure. The
adjacent male enclosure was placed behind a low
wall, which the male could climb if he smelled a
receptive female. Ambient temperatures in the
pen varied from 17C (62.6F) in winter to 30C
(86F) in summer. A hotspot under an Osram Ul-
tra Vitalux lamp was available every day. Feeding
occurred twice weekly. For the first few years,
the animals were fed a 50/50 protein mixture
fused in gelatin/fruits (with mineral additives).
Nowadays, they are offered 25 proteins/25
fruits/50 herbs.
In these stable quiet conditions, Heosemys spi-
nosa made a slow recovery, increasing their breed-
ing tendencies year-to-year. In 2005, the first
broken egg was found unburied. In both 2006 and
2007, one egg with bacterial infection was found.
In 2008, two eggs appeared, one properly buried,
but neither developed. In 2009, two eggs were
produced; one was incubated to 1/3 of embryo
development then spoiled. In 2010, there were
two eggs; one broke and one spoiled perhaps due
to an incubation error. In 2011, three eggs spoiled
(presumably due to poor quality eggs).
Finally in 2012, the turtles bred successfully.
Both females laid twice, four eggs all together.
One was infertile, but three juveniles hatched.
The eggs were 45,4-57,0 grams in weight with
the parameters 61,6x34,1 66,6x36,7mm (n=14).
The Juveniles weighed 35,5-38,4 g, with a
51,7x51,7-53,1x53,3 mm (n=3) carapace length.
Through the years, we followed the Philadel-
phia Zoo/Knoxville Zoo protocol for incubation,
which though unsuccessful at first, produced
positive results with some adjustment. To
achieve success, it was necessary to avoid the
condensation of water on the eggshell after plac-
ing it in the incubator. To achieve this, we placed
the eggs for several hours into an absolutely dry
incubator and then moved them to slightly humid
vermiculite. Temperatures during the 91-116 day
incubation period oscillated between 25-27C
(77-80.6F).
We have since moved the healthy juveniles
into the public exhibit. They share space with
Varanus prasinus, in a super-planted enclosure
with a shallow pond at an ambient floor tem-
perature of 25C (77F). In this enclosure, they
disappear from view and are beyond our control.
We see them once weekly. They are growing and
thriving.
Heosemys spinosa appears to be a stress and
heat sensitive species, requiring a long recovery
period after suffering capture, transport and
confiscation. Successful breeding at the Prague
Zoo required nine years of proper care.
Petr Velensky, Curator of Reptiles, Prague Zoo, Czech
Republic, adresss and email?
A hatchling Spiny Hill Turtle (Heosemys spinosa) at the Prague Zoo. PHOTO CREDIT: PETR VELENSKY
august 2013 12 turtle survival
The roots of the North American Freshwater
Turtle Research Group go back fourteen years, to
its origin as an undergraduate field class to inves-
tigate turtle populations at Wekiwa Springs State
Park in Orlando, Florida. The class was offered
by Dr. Brian Hauge (then at Pennsylvania State
University, now at Peninsula College, Washing-
ton) and Dr. Brian Butterfield (Freed-Hardeman
University, Tennessee).
Eric Munscher took over as principal inves-
tigator in 2004, and the research group's vision
extended beyond the original field-class model as
it expanded its surveying efforts to seven spring
systems in Florida and one in Texas.
Lacking an official university affiliation, Eric
recruited research participants among friends
and colleagues. Several former undergraduate
PA R T N E R N E W S
NAFTRG
The North American Freshwater
Turtle Research Group (NAFTRG)
Eric C. Munscher, Emily H. Kuhns, Jessica S. Munscher
Morning catch at Wekiwa Springs State Park. Canoe filled with Peninsular Cooters, Red-bellied Cooters, Loggerhead Musk Turtles, and Common Musk Turtles. PHOTO CREDIT: NAFTRG
Dr. Brian Hauge
teaches students
how to process turtles.
PHOTO CREDIT: NAFTRG
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 13 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
participants (many professionals in their respec-
tive fields) now volunteer annually, and they have
involved their own students and colleagues.
In 2008, the group renamed itself the Cen-
tral Florida Freshwater Turtle Research Group.
Today CFFTRG has spread across the nation,
with over 250 members and volunteers from 14
states. Between 1999 and 2013 more than 200
undergraduate students conducted research
through the group. Many have used the skills
learned and data collected to further their aca-
demic and professional careers.
In 2012, CFFTRG merged with the Turtle
Survival Alliance, becoming TSA's official
North American working group. It renamed it-
self the North American Freshwater Turtle Re-
search Group. NAFTRG's mission is to increase
awareness and understanding of conservation
research efforts concerning turtles through
direct involvement of community members in
research methods.
SITES AND TURTLE SPECIES STUDIED
NAFTRG research sites include four spring
systems in Florida's St. Johns River watershed:
Wekiwa Springs, Rock Springs Run, De Leon
Springs, and Blue Spring. We also survey at
three spring systems in Florida's Suwannee
River drainage: Peacock, Fanning, and Manatee
Springs. Recently we added Comal Springs,
TX. All of the study sites are relatively well
protected, but each faces human pressures.
Understanding the effects of these pressures on
turtles and other aquatic/semi-aquatic organ-
isms is key to conserving natural landscapes.
Within our study sites, we have marked over
5,200 turtles and captured over 9,300 turtles
representing 13 species, including the Pen-
insula Cooter (Pseudemys floridana peninsu-
laris), Florida Red-bellied Cooter (Pseudemys
nelsoni), Texas River Cooter (Pseudems texana),
Yellow-Bellied Slider (Trachemys scripta
scripta), Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta
elegans), Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra
serpentina),Florida Snapping Turtle (Chelydra
serpentina oceloa) Florida Softshelled Turtle
(Apalone ferox), Alligator Snapping Turtle (Mar-
cochelys temmenickii), Florida Chicken Turtle
(Deriochelys reticularia chrysea), Loggerhead
Musk Turtle (Sternotherus minor), Common
Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), and
Striped Mud Turtle (Kinosternon baurii).
METHODS
Turtles are captured primarily by hand while
snorkeling. All are measured, weighed, sexed,
observed for physical damage/parasites, and
then marked. From 1999 to 2007 turtles were
marked using an adaptation of Cagles' (1939)
shell notching method. This technique is limited
by its inability to mark soft-shelled species, ob-
fuscation due to damage, and a finite numbering
system. In 2007, Andrew Weber adapted the use
of a cordless tattoo wand for marking soft-shelled
species (Weber et al. 2011). In 2009 we began us-
ing passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags as
a redundant marking method.
SUMMARY
We have a wealth of data on the turtles in
our research systems, and the possibilities for
analysis appear endless. Our original goal was to
obtain periodic population parameters for moni-
toring the health of turtle populations. However,
after over a decade of data collection and eco-
system observation, this goal seems too limited.
Other areas of basic ecology and conservation
research that have captured our interest lately
are genetic, dietary, home range and nesting
analyses. We welcome collaborations with our
efforts and also welcome novel research ideas.
Our vision is to continue conducting important
conservation research that involves students
and citizen scientists. We feel that the key to
conservation is public support. By engaging the
community and sharing our methods and find-
ings, we promote scientific literacy and increase
the likelihood of public support for conservation
policies and funding of conservation research.
To get involved, please contact us. Visit our
Facebook page or the Turtle Survival Alliance's
website and look for The North American Fresh-
water Turtle Research Group (NAFTRG).
Eric C. Munscher, SWCA Environmental Consultants,
7255 Langtry, Suite 100, Houston, Texas 77449;
Emily H. Kuhns, emilyhkuhns@gmail.com; Jessica S.
Munscher, Houston ISD, Dechamues Elementary, 155
Cooper Rd, Houston, Texas 77076.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This volunteer research program has suc-
ceeded due to the dedication of the students and
citizen scientists attending sampling sessions.
We gratefully acknowledge grant support from:
The Friends of the Wekiva River Foundation,
Wekiva Wild and Scenic Committee, and Dis-
ney's Animal Kingdom. Thanks also go to SWCA
Environmental Consultants.
LITERATURE CITED
Cagle, F. R. 1939. A system for marking turtles for future identification. Copeia 1939:170-173.
Weber, A.W., E.C. Munscher, J.R. Brown, C.A. Cox, and J.B.Hauge. 2011. Using tattoos to mark Apalone ferox for individual
recognition. Herpetological Review 42:530532.
Wekiwa Springs State Park sampling crew processing turtles: Eric Munscher and Jesse Wayles assisting in tattooing
Florida Softshell # 44. PHOTO CREDIT: NAFTRG
august 2013 14 turtle survival
In February 2011, the TSA Board of Direc-
tors made the boldest move in the organiza-
tion's eleven-year history when they voted to
purchase a 50-acre property in coastal South
Carolina to be developed as a Turtle Survival
Center (TSC). A former crocodilian and wildlife
rehab facility, the site was perfect for maintain-
ing assurance colonies of endangered turtles
and tortoises.
In the end, the decision wasn't difficult: the
Board felt it had no other choice if the TSA was to
maintain its commitment to zero turtle extinc-
tions. It has become very clear that in situ efforts
to protect wild populations are inadequate to en-
suring the survival of many turtle species. Ex situ
captive populations are necessary, making the
TSC vital to our mission. The decision was made
easier by Board Member Pat Koval's commitment
to put up half of the asking price for the land.
From the outset, we chose to base the TSC
Collection Plan on the most up-to-date data
available on Asian turtles and tortoises, including
key workshops held in Singapore and China in
2011. Seven species of tortoises and 20 species of
freshwater turtlesprimarily Asianwere care-
fully selected for inclusion, based on the critical
need of captive breeding for their survival. Four
Breaking Ground on the
Turtle Survival Center
Cris Hagen, Rick Hudson and Scott Davis
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
TURTLE SURVIVAL CENTER
Abnormally high precipitation this year have created abysmal construction conditions. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 15 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
of the tortoise species and 17 of the turtle species
are ranked by the IUCN Red List as Critically
Endangered. Nine species are identified on the
list of The World's 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises
and Freshwater Turtles, as released by the Turtle
Conservation Coalition in 2011. These numbers
alone speak convincingly and hopefully to the
TSC's eventual impact on the survival of many of
the most endangered chelonians in the world.
CAPITAL CAMPAIGN
At our annual conference in Tucson in August
2012, the TSA officially announced its plans for
the TSC and embarked upon an ambitious capital
campaign, targeting $1.6 million over five years.
That figure included the $400,000 purchase
price, $300,000 for construction and renovation,
and $900,000 for facility operations through
2016.
After Pat's generous jump start, the campaign
received its second major "shot in the arm" when
San Diego Zoo Global put up a $100,000 chal-
lenge, contingent on matches by the zoo commu-
nity. The TSA set up a booth in the exhibit hall at
the American Zoo Association (AZA) meeting in
Phoenix, AZ in September 2012 and began seek-
ing matches for San Diego's generous challenge.
We not only met but exceeded the San Diego Zoo
challenge. To date, 38 AZA zoos and aquariums
have pledged support for the TSC; that includes
some very important multi-year commitments.
At the time of this writing we have raised
$935,195 toward our goal of $1.6 million, with
zoos contributing $406,150 of that total.
TAKING OWNERSHIP
The TSA officially closed on the TSC prop-
erty on 21 January 2013, bringing to fruition
nearly two years of discussion, fundraising, and
facilities planning. Work began immediately
to prepare the facility for operation. The first
steps were to clean up the property, retrofit the
existing facilities, and start construction. The
first TSC volunteer work weekend was held on
9-10 February, and it was a huge success with
enthusiastic support by loyal TSA members.
Since then, there have been other volunteer
work events, a veterinary team weekend to
welcome the first influx of turtles, an AZA
directors' open house and dinner, a TSA Board
of Directors meeting, various small and large
construction projects, as well as the arrival of
visitors from around the globe.
Cris Hagen, TSA's Director of Animal
Management, was the first person to perma-
nently move to the TSC on 26 March, leaving a
position that he had held for the past 11 years at
the Savannah River Ecology Lab (SREL). Next in
line to relocate to the TSC were 300 individuals
of priority turtle species maintained at SRELa
move of 120 miles across the state. But before this
The TSA Gratefully Acknowledges These Zoos for Their
Generous Support of the Turtle Survival Center
This poster recognizes the 37 AZA zoos that have financially supported the TSC. The top two rows recognize our top donors.
San Diego Zoo Global announced their $100,000
challenge at the AZA conference with this flyer that
went to all delegates.
Rick Hudson and Dr. Eric Miller, Director of St. Louis Zoo's WildCare Institute, record their $10,000 donation to the
TSC, pushing the bar closer to the $100,000 challenge. PHOTO BY HEATHER LOWE
august 2013 16 turtle survival
mass chelonian relocation could take place, facil-
ity renovations and construction had to be com-
pleted to provide the highest quality husbandry
and security. Although the TSC is still a work in
progress, we moved 91 turtles of 17 species from
SREL to the TSC by the end of June.
CONSTRUCTION
The TSC property operated as a wildlife cen-
ter under the direction of Dr. Sam Seashole for
many years prior to the TSA purchase. There-
fore, we spent most of the first two months
cleaning and reorganizing the center. Trips to
the county waste disposal facility were frequent
as we removed bird and mammal holding facili-
ties and renovated barn stalls to become turtle
holding areas.
In spite of extremely rainy weather
throughout the first six months of construc-
tion, we have made significant progress since
our start on March 27th. Construction of an
outdoor complex for forest and semi-aquatic
species was initiated by Dave Manser (Ponds
and Plants) and is nearing completion as of this
writing. A 20' x 40' tortoise building and a 20'
x 50' quarantine building have been erected.
New ponds have been dug to accommodate F1
groups that are produced at the Center over the
coming years. Drainage fields have been created
to handle water usage, and hundreds of feet of
plumbing and electrical wire have been buried.
An 11-acre area was encircled by an eight foot
high, electrified perimeter security fence.
During the remainder of 2013, we plan to com-
plete two forested habitat complexes, finish out
the interiors of the tortoise and quarantine build-
ings, erect several greenhouses, renovate one of
the barn stalls into a kitchen and food preparation
area, and install additional layers of security.
As facilities have been completed, turtles have
begun being relocated to the TSC. As turtles ar-
rive at the Center, they receive health assessments;
blood is drawn and banked for DNA testing;
animals are given transponders; swabs and fecals
are taken to conduct disease testing; and the ani-
mals are placed in quarantine. This work is made
easier by the fact that the TSC facility came with
a full clinic, including gas anesthesia, a portable
x-ray unit, a blood chemistry analyzer, and a full
surgical suite. The veterinary work is overseen
by the TSC's veterinary advisory group, which
includes Dr. Bonnie Raphael (WCS-Bronx), Dr.
Keith Benson (Riverbanks Zoo), Dr. Sam Rivera
(Zoo Atlanta), Dr. Charles Innis (New England
Aquarium), Dr. Joseph Flanagan (Houston Zoo),
and Dr. Shane Boylan (South Carolina Aquarium).
Thanks to their help, we are well on our way
to developing a complete set of husbandry and
veterinary protocols and to ensuring the highest
standard of care for TSC animals.
TSC STAFF
By mid-June we had a full staff at the TSC.
Luke Wyrwich is our Lead Keeper and came to
us from Zoo Atlanta where he managed their
chelonian collection for the past five years. He
brings a strong background in construction and
maintenance, as well as first-hand husbandry
experience with a number of the target species at
the Center. Luke is currently tackling the numer-
ous construction projects that are underway.
Sheena Koeth is our Veterinary Care
Manager and comes to us from the Cleveland
Metroparks Zoo with thirteen years of experi-
ence working as a veterinary technician. She will
be the primary point person for all veterinary
The TSA Board of Directors held their first of many meetings at the TSC in April 2013. The meeting was highlighted
by Pat Koval kicking in another $100,000 donation toward construction at the Center. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
Thomas Rainwater and Cris Hagen cooking "Low Country Boil" for the TSA Board Dinner while Zuli looks on. PHOTO
CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 17 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The first of two tortoise barns under construction. Groups of Burmese Mountain, Burmese Star and Forsten's Tortoises
will be managed here PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
Jeff McKenzey and Luke Wyrwich are having a hard time
using this Ditch Witch in muddy terrain, Construction
progress has been hampered due to abnormally wet
weather leading to frustrations. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
Jay Allen and Theresa Stratmann cutting PVC pipe for the drains to the Forest Complex PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
august 2013 18 turtle survival
needs under the guidance of the TSC's veterinary
advisory group. She is also responsible for imple-
menting our record keeping system.
Theresa Stratmann began a two-month
internship in late May and spent eight weeks
with us this summer before starting her gradu-
ate degree at Clemson University. Theresa is a
recent graduate of the University of Georgia's
Odum School of Ecology and has several years
experience caring for TSC target species while
volunteering at the Riverbanks Zoo.
The TSC staff quickly adapted to working
well together in a rural area under difficult
weather conditions. The team faces the enor-
mous challenge of bringing the TSC on line while
preparing to accommodate a diverse collection
of highly endangered chelonians. The pressures
are daunting and every day brings new and
unexpected trials. Recordkeeping systems must
be developed, protocols written, and routines
and schedules established. Fortunately, the team
brings a diverse set of knowledge and skills to the
TSC, and their backgrounds have prepared them
well for meeting the challenges of developing and
operating a professional turtle center.
VOLUNTEER WORK WEEKENDS
Two TSC work weekends in February and
March were organized for TSA members to
come out and volunteer their time and energy to
clean up the site in preparation for construction.
The hard work and dedication of TSA members
has always been a key to our success and we
were delighted by the great group of volunteers
who showed up to help. Dumpsters were filled
and hauled off, trees removed, trenches dug,
and more than 20 tons of gravel removed from
existing ponds during two days of back-breaking
work. Hardware cloth was installed at the base
of chain link fences surrounding existing ponds,
and old pasture fencing was torn down. We are
very appreciative of all the hard work volunteers
contributed to the development of the Center.
Jay Allen (Aquarium Innovations), Kathy Vause
(Riverbanks Zoo and Garden), and Roman
Fletcher deserve special thanks for repeat visits
and sustained commitment to the project. Kurt
Buhlmann, Whit Gibbons, Judy Greene, Tracey
Tuberville, Brian Metts, and Sean Poppy all con-
tributed time and energy to transitioning turtles
from SREL to the TSC.
On 6 April the TSC veterinary advisory
group, along with veterinary technician Sheena
Koeth, arrived for a hectic fun-filled weekend
with Cris Hagen processing the first wave of
The walls of the Forest Complex being formed and poured during one of the few sunny days during the project. PHOTO
CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
Filling this large dumpster with debris from around the property took only about 2 hours on the first volunteer work
weekend in February. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
More than 20 tons of gravel were removed from former
crocodile pools by dedicated volunteers. PHOTO CREDIT:
CRIS HAGEN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 19 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Cris Hagen and Theresa Stratmann collecting accession data on an Arakan Forest Turtle. PHOTO CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
Cris Hagen ceremoniously releases the first turtle into
one of the existing ponds following health screening
during the big veterinary roundup in April. PHOTO CREDIT:
SHEENA KOETH
A veterinary team arrived at the TSC in early April to volunteer their time in processing the first wave of turtles arriving
at the center from SREL. From left to right Dr. Charles Innis, Sheena Koeth, Dr. Joseph Flanagan, Dr. Bonnie Raphael,
Dr. Keith Benson, Dr. Sam Rivera. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
august 2013 20 turtle survival
arriving turtles. The vet team spent the weekend
collecting quarantine samples and conduct-
ing health assessments on the first 47 turtles
transferred from the SREL collection. These
collaborative efforts are very important for the
development of the TSC, and represent the first
steps in establishing effective quarantine and
disease prevention protocols for the Center.
The TSA is grateful for the expert care provid-
ed by the vet team. However, their dedication was
not limited to veterinary medicine. Dr. Innis was
the first to arrive and within minutes was mired
in mud, shoveling wet cement to build walls for a
forest enclosure. Dr. Flanagan baked home-made
bread for the group every morning. The camara-
derie was a true pleasure, and the seven people
present shared in a significant occasion: the
release of the first turtles into the outdoor ponds:
1.1 Batagur borneoensis, 1.3 Orlitia borneensis, 11.14
Mauremys annamensis, 5.3 Mauremys nigricans,
and 1.1 Geoclemys hamiltoni. On a poignant note,
some of the first arrivals to the TSC were a group
of three Burmese Mountain Tortoises and a pair of
Sulawesi Forest Turtles, brought there as a result
of the untimely passing of Dr. Greg Fleming, who
had also planned to be a part of the vet team.
No sooner had the vet team departed the TSC
than we began preparations for another arrival.
On Thursday evening, 11 April, the TSC hosted
over 40 delegates from the American Zoo As-
sociation mid-year conference in Charleston, SC.
The group, which included directors, curators
and AZA staff, spent two hours touring the facil-
ity and learning about our vision for the Center.
That was followed by a southern BBQ dinner.
The next night the TSA Board of Directors ar-
rived for their annual board meeting, and they
were treated to a traditional Low Country Boil
prepared by Thomas Rainwater and Cris Hagen.
VISITORS
Despite the chaos, ongoing clean up and con-
struction, we still found time to host a few turtle
biologists. Maurice Rodrigues from the Turtle
Conservancy stopped by in early April. Dick Vogt
was conducting research in Charleston, SC, and
came to the Center in late April. Nguyen Thu
Thuy, Turtle Program Coordinator for the Asian
Turtle Program, based in Hanoi, Vietnam, spent
2 days at the Center at the end of May. Bernard
Devaux and Franck Bonin from SOPTOM in
France, as well as Uzma Noureen from WWF
Pakistan, spent an afternoon with us in early June.
As much as we enjoyed showing off the TSC,
we are discouraging further visits until heavy
construction is complete and the bulk of the TSA
collection has been settled in to their new homes.
We look forward to the day when the Center no
longer looks like a muddy construction site!
SIGNIFICANT ACQUISITIONS
If there is a single group of turtles that stands
to benefit most from the TSC, and which should
be considered emblematic of the Center, it is
the Asian Box Turtles (genus Cuora). The most
imperiled group of turtles in the world, 12 of the
13 recognized Cuora species are considered criti-
cally endangered. Several are extinct in the wild,
and others are biologically extinct, meaning their
populations have reached such low numbers that
they are no longer viable. Collecting pressures
on the remaining wild stocks are so intense that
their future rests solely on captive populations.
The TSC was founded specifically for species in
such dire straits.
Over the past year the TSC has acquired
several groups of priority Cuora species through
breeding loan agreements and donations. We
were incredibly fortunate to be able to acquire
founder adult specimens of C. aurocapitata, C.
bouretti, C. mccordi, C. pani, C. picturata, and C.
zhouimost of which are presently unrepresent-
ed in the global captive population. These turtles
will form the nucleus of important breeding pro-
grams at the TSC, and we expect these groups to
thrive and reproduce well here in the moderate
coastal climate of South Carolina. Although the
low country climate and topography has pre-
sented challenges to our construction projects, it
is an excellent match to the climate of southern
China where many of these species occur. Build-
ing highly secure and functional habitats for
these species is our leading priority.
SUMMARY
The decision to acquire and develop the
Turtle Survival Center was a bold move, and
certainly one with risks. The successful launch
of the Center certainly bodes well. But our
overwhelming challenge over the next five years
will be to continue the momentum behind the
TSC, while simultaneously sustaining consistent
funding for our many field programsboth ef-
forts are vital to our mission. We have full time
staff in Madagascar (2), Burma (2), India (6) and
Colombia (1) that we cannot afford to lose if we
are to meet growing threats and obligations.
The TSA Board and our core donors have
proven their dedication to our mission time and
again, and have always come through. They have
now made a leap of faith, and shown vision in
their simultaneous commitment to maintaining
our field programs while also constructing the
TSC. We trust that one day soonwhen the TSC
is firmly established and a handful of critical spe-
cies have gained a foothold on a secure future
that our current financial travails will be but a
distant memory. Then we will look back with
pride and know that our bold gamble paid off.
Until that day, please join the TSA in helping
make the TSC and our field programs thrive, for
the betterment of chelonians around the planet.
Rick Hudson conducts a tour of the TSC for AZA Zoo Directors and Curators that came over from the AZA Mid-Year
Conference in Charleston. Center PHOTO CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 21 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Opportunities
for Support
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
TURTLE SURVIVAL CENTER
Assurance colonies are a critical component of
the TSA's mission to secure the future of the
world's most endangered chelonians. In early
2013, we purchased a property in South Carolina
that is ideally suited for this purpose. The facil-
ity is now known as the Turtle Survival Center
(TSC), where we have plans to develop assurance
colonies for critically endangered turtles and
tortoises that depend on captive management for
their survival. Work is now being done to expand
the infrastructure and facilities of this property
to turn it into a truly world-class facility.
By becoming a supporter of the TSC, you
have an opportunity to partner with a program
that will directly impact nine of the Top 25 Most
Endangered Turtles in the world (Turtle Conser-
vation Coalition, 2011). Your legacy will be that
you were integral in founding the TSA's Turtle
Survival Center. Your support helps to guarantee
the survival of not one, but many, species that are
nearing extinction.
To learn more about giving opportunities,
please visit http://www.turtlesurvival.org or
contact Heather Lowe at (817) 759-7262.
Staff and volunteers work on new enclosures that will house shade-loving forest turtles and tortoises. PHOTO CREDIT: TSA
92 percent of Asian box turtles face extinction in the wild. The TSC will help ensure that
these species, and others like them, do not vanish forever. PHOTO CREDIT: HENK ZWARTEPOORTE
This new Quarantine Building will initially house the large influx of tortoises coming over from
SREL, but eventually be used for winter holding and juvenile rearing. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
august 2013 22 turtle survival
Patricia Koval serves on the Board of Directors of
the Turtle Survival Alliance and is a staunch ally
in the fight against turtle extinction. A generous
donor, Pat's contributions have supported the
TSA's field programs for many years and most re-
cently have helped to make possible the purchase
and renovation of the Turtle Survival Center.
In this interview, she tells us a little more about
herself and what draws her to turtle and tortoise
conservation.
Pat, tell us a little about your background.
I'm a business lawyer, by profession, spe-
cializing in corporate finance, mergers and
acquisitions. My academic background is in law,
business and economics. While I really enjoy my
Spotlight: Patricia Koval
D O N O R S P O T L I G H T
Patricia Koval (left) with Kalyar Platt (TSA Turtle Conservation Coordinator) in Myanmar in 2011
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 23 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
work, my passion has always been wildlife con-
servation, and I've spent many years volunteer-
ing for and supporting organizations, large and
small, focused on conservation of diverse species.
How did you first become interested in
conservation work?
I think that I was born with my interest in
conservation. It's always been there, since as
early as I can remember, coupled with a love for
animals and interest in animal welfare. While I
didn't get much of an opportunity to indulge this
interest as a child, I started looking for ways to
promote conservation and the preservation of
biodiversity when I was beginning my career. I
actively looked for organizations that were doing
the kind of work that I was interested in and
began looking for ways to help them.
We know that you had a turtle named Tinker.
Tell us about him and how he impacted your
thinking about turtle conservation.
Like many of us who support TSA, my inter-
est in turtles began when my parents bought me
a turtle as a pet. As youngsters, we lived near a
very busy road, and my parents were concerned
at the prospect of having pets who might venture
out onto it. So, they answered my nagging for
a pet by getting three little turtles (for me, my
brother and sister) complete with a plastic dish
with its green plastic palm tree I'm sure many
of us remember those! We absolutely loved them
and I couldn't get enough of books, magazines,
anything that I could get my hands on to learn
more about turtles. It was really a consuming
interest, and I found myself becoming quite
a self-taught expert on turtle behavior! Years
later, after finishing University, I decided that I
wanted another pet turtle. It was quite difficult
to find a pet store which sold turtles the import
of sliders into Canada had just been banned due
to salmonella. But I persevered with the pet
store listings in the Yellow Pages until, finally,
one pet store said they had a turtle and, in fact,
that he had been recently returned to the store
by the young family who originally bought him
because "he wasn't a fun pet". On my visit to the
shop, my decision to buy my shy little Tinker was
almost instantaneous the store thought he was
a tortoise and had forced him to live in a small
box, with only a tiny vesicle for drinking water.
I determined his species myself from my turtle
books a Malayan Box Turtle, a then-common
pet store turtle, probably from a private breeder
somewhere in Ontario. When he became ill after
26 too-short years with me, I did online research
on his condition (in conjunction with frequent
veterinarian visits) and was shocked to learn
that his species had become highly endangered.
In fact, I found myself reading about the Asian
turtle crisis with increasing horror. That's what
made me determined to do something signifi-
cant to conserve Asian freshwater turtles and
tortoises a memorial to Tinker, if you will.
You have been a generous supporter of the
TSA's field programs, particularly our flagship
India program. What is it about these pro-
grams that first attracted your interest? How
do you feel about the progress made after five
years of your support?
I've been fascinated, from the start, with
TSA's work in the Asian range countries. I
became interested in India, initially, because I
liked what I saw of our work there our website
painted a very compelling picture. I also had
a personal connection to India, through a cli-
ent, which meant that I was travelling to India
several times a year. I was lucky enough to spend
time with Shailendra Singh (Director, TSA India)
several years ago the Chambal River in May a
great experience! I think our work there has been
very valuable, and I would love others to join
me in supporting the great things we are doing
there! I'm also a keen supporter of our work in
Burma and had a great opportunity to see it in
person several years ago, thanks to Kalyar Platt
(TSA Turtle Conservation Coordinator, Myan-
mar) and our partners at WCS. I'm tremendously
encouraged by the depth and scope of our Burma
work including our far-reaching plans for
release sites.
In 2011 you made a substantial pledge to the
TSA that enabled us to purchase the property
in South Carolina that became the Turtle Sur-
vival Center. Tell us about what inspired this
gift and your vision for the future.
My commitment to conserving Asian fresh-
water turtles and tortoises led me to decide, very
quickly, that the establishment of assurance colo-
nies at the Turtle Survival Center could make
a real difference to this cause. The decision to
make a major donation was easy it's something
that I passionately wanted to do and my hus-
band, Alan, and I had just created our own family
foundation to support conservation. We want to
make a difference now, while there is still time to
do that. It was a natural for a first major gift from
us. Alan and I share TSA's vision for the Center
we can't wait to see it fully constructed with our
assurance colonies thriving!
Pat with Tinker, the Malayan Box Turtle that inspired her passion for turtle conservation.
august 2013 24 turtle survival
The Sulawesi Forest Turtle (Leucocephalon
yuwonoi) is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and
is relatively new to science, being formally de-
scribed in 1995. Ranked Critically Endangered by
the IUCN Red List, major threats include rapid
habitat loss and collection for the international
live animal trade.
Over the past two decades, many individu-
als have been seen in Southeast Asian animal
markets and the international pet trade. Despite
"zero export" quotas in recent years, specimens
continue to be traded. Collection of wild speci-
mens continues, and large numbers of clearly
wild-caught specimens were recently seen at
a purported L. yuwonoi "farm" in Sulawesi. Its
future in the wild is tenuous, and ex situ captive
breeding is a priority for the TSA.
Wild caught Leucocephalon have been dif-
ficult to acclimate to captivity, and the mortality
rate among some imported groups has been
very high. Over time, specimens have been
stabilized in several private collections and
zoological institutions, and modest numbers of
eggs produced. We remain concerned about the
sporadic, unexpected mortalities of apparently
healthy founders. Although occasional two egg
clutches have been documented, this species
generally lays one large egg per clutch, though
several clutches can be produced annually.
Attempts to hatch captive-produced eggs were
unsuccessful for several years. The first known
successful captive breeding occurred in a pri-
vate collection in 2003.
A Taxon Management Plan (TMP) for this
species in captivity was established by the TSA
in 2005, with the goals of maintaining a census
of known captive individuals; documenting
successful breeding methods; and tracking the
lineage of F1 offspring to ensure genetic diversity
for future breeding. Currently, the TMP is aware
of approximately 120 founder specimens in
roughly 25 collections worldwide, many of which
are TSA partners. It is likely that more specimens
are held in other collections. We are aware of
successful captive breeding in at least six private
collections, and three zoological institutions,
including Altwetterzoo Mnster, Zoo Atlanta,
the Denver Zoo, and the private collection of our
late colleague and friend, Dr. Greg Fleming.
To date, we know of 29 F1 L. yuwonoi off-
spring produced since 2003, but several have
died. Notably, the Denver Zoo has significantly
increased its F1 population with the successful
hatching of nine individuals in the past eighteen
months. Additional fertile eggs are under incuba-
tion at this time at the Denver Zoo and in at least
one private collection.
In many instances, successful breeding has
not occurred until the adults have been accli-
mated for five to six years. At the Denver Zoo, the
2012 breeding involved adults acquired in 2007.
In 2011, the 1.3 wild-caught adults at Denver
were introduced into a new off-exhibit enclosure,
measuring approximately 5 x 5 x 1 meters, includ-
ing an approximately 5 x 3 x 0.2 meter pool, and
Sulawesi Forest Turtle
Sees Significant Increase
in Captive Breeding
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
SIGNIFICANT BREEDINGS
A hatchling Sulawesi Forest Turtle (Leucocephalon yuwonoi). PHOTO CREDIT: CHARLES INNIS
A pair of Leucocephalon yuwonoi mating in captivity.
PHOTO CREDIT: CHARLES INNIS
Charles Innis, Rick Haeffner, and Sue Kr auss
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 25 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
One of nine L. yuwonoi hatched at the Denver Zoo in the
past 18 months. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HAEFFNER
the first fertile egg was produced eight months
later. It is strongly believed that the added space
contributed to this breeding success.
Denver Zoo adults are fed three times weekly
on a diet of mixed greens, a commercial tortoise
diet, and other vegetables and fruits. Giant
mealworms, earthworms, and pinkie mice are
offered once weekly. One to two hour simulated
rain periods are offered three times weekly, and
ambient temperatures are maintained at 250C
(780F) for water, and 280C (820F) for air.
L. yuwonoi usually do not dig extensive nest
cavities. The Denver Zoo's females dug shal-
low nests and mostly laid eggs against the base
of plants. Fertile eggs at the Denver Zoo were
incubated in vermiculite (1:1 ratio of vermiculite
to water by mass) at 25-270C (78-800F). Eggs
develop a transverse white band within several
weeks. Blood vessel development is seen within
two months, and average incubation time at the
Denver Zoo was 137 days, with a range of 126 to
152 days. Incubation times as long as 176 days are
seen in other collections. Hatchlings are quite
large, often weighing 30-40g.
Successful rearing of hatchlings has occurred
at several facilities, and the oldest known F1 in-
dividuals are currently five years old. Hatchlings
appear comfortable in wet sphagnum moss with
several centimeters of water and temperatures
similar to those of adults. Observations at two
facilities indicate that Pothos is often the first
accepted food, with a more diverse diet accepted
over time.
The TSA's Turtle Survival Center (TSC) will
soon include a greenhouse facility dedicated
to the captive breeding of this species. A group
of adult founders maintained at the Savannah
River Ecology Lab will form the nucleus of the
TSC population, supplemented with adults from
several other collections. At least two lineages of
F1 individuals will be maintained at the TSC.
We look forward to continued success-
ful breeding of this species in captivity, with
thoughtful relocation of founders to establish
new breeding groups, and careful tracking of
F1 pedigrees for future captive breeding. In the
absence of a clear in situ conservation plan, ex
situ captive breeding remains an important com-
ponent for the future of this species.
Charles Innis, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA
02110, USA cinnis@neaq.org
A four-year old captive bred L. yuwonoi. The tail size and extent of yellow coloration of the head has been increasing
over the past year, likely indicating that this is an immature male in the process of developing the sexually dimorphic
characteristics that are typical of this species. PHOTO CREDIT: CHARLES INNIS
It is strongly believed that the added space provided in this off-exhibit enclosure at the Denver Zoo contributed to
breeding success. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HAEFFNER
august 2013 26 turtle survival
F E AT U R E
The Future of the
Kinixys Genus Hinges
on our Present Actions
Presently, there are eight recognized species
of the genus Kinixys, commonly referred to as
"Hinged Tortoises", distributed across Africa and
Madagascar (1). Kinixys erosa and K. homeana, are
largely found in the rain forests of western and
central Africa (2). Kinixys belliana, K. lobatsiana, K.
natalensis, K. nogueyi, K. spekii, and K. zombensis
(with two subspecies, K. z. zombensis and K. z.
domerguei) are primarily found in savannah re-
gions of central to coastal forests of southeastern
Africa and Madagascar (1, 2).
Kinixys are unique among the family Tes-
tudinidae, possessing a carapacial hinge that
provides additional protection to the rear legs
and tail (2, 3). The hinge is absent in juveniles and
is poorly developed in the adults in some species
(2). Hinged tortoises are variable in coloration,
and patterns contrast even between members of
By David Mifsud and Michael W. Hance, PhD.
the same species (3). All members of the genus
are medium-sized tortoises with the largest be-
ing K. erosa (measuring up to 400 mm.) and have
five claws on the forelimbs with the exception
of K. nogueyi which has four (2). The sexes are
easily identified by the male's longer and thicker
tails. With the exception of K. erosa, females are
larger than males (2, 3).
In captivity, Kinixys has developed a reputa-
tion of being difficult to keep and reproduce in
the long term. The majority of the tortoises cur-
rently offered for sale are field collected animals
that usually arrive dehydrated, stressed and
with little to no background information. As a
result, a thorough veterinary examination of new
animals is recommended to address any potential
health issues. In general, these tortoises are
fairly omnivorous and will readily eat most of the
common produce offered to tortoises including
greens, squashes, root vegetables, various fruits
and a variety of mushrooms, as well as animal or
insect protein (2, 3). Habitat design is one of the
most challenging aspects of keeping this genus,
primarily due to the fact that its natural range
is a diverse conglomerate of microhabitats (3).
Unfortunately, field collected animals usually
have sparse accompanying locale information,
thus requiring keepers to use some creativity to
design appropriate habitats (3).
Captive reproduction of Kiniyxs is uncommon
though it does happen sporadically. Initiating
courtship appears to be straightforward in cap-
tivity and cued by environmental triggers such as
increased rainfall and increased temperatures.
The duration of egg incubation ranges from 90
to 200 days for most species but incubation for
K. erosa can range from 150 to 300 days (2). Ad-
ditionally, egg incubation in some species may
require a diapause or an environmental trigger to
initiate development; K. spekii eggs for example,
Kinixys nogueyi hatching in captivity under artificial
incubation. PHOTO CREDIT: VICTOR LOEHR OF HOMOPUS.ORG
Kinixys natalensis photographed in its natural habitat
during a research trip. PHOTO CREDIT: VICTOR LOEHR OF
HOMOPUS.ORG
A captive male Kinixys erosa. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 27 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
SOURCES
1. Dijk, P. P., J. B. Iverson, H. B., Shaffer, R. Bour, and A. G. J. Rhodin. Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist
of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and
Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 86 pp. (2012).
2. Branch, W. R. Tortoises, Terrapins and Turtles of Africa. Struik Publishers/New Holland (2008).
3. Kirkpatrick, D. T. The African Hinge-back Tortoises. (1998).
4. Luiselli, L. Conservation Ecology of the Threatened Forest Tortoises (genus Kinixys) in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: Phase 2.
Population Characteristics in Areas under Traditional Conservation by Religious Beliefs. Linnaeus Fund research report. Turtle and
Tortoise Newsletter, 21-24 (2004).
5. Lawson, D. P. Habitat Use, Home Range and Activity Patterns of Hingeback Tortoises, Kinixys erosa and K. homeana, in South-
western Cameroon. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5, 48-56 (2006).
6. Luiselli, L. Assessing the Impact of Human Hunting Activities on Populations of Forest Tortoises (genus Kinixys) in the Niger
Delta, Nigeria. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4, 735-738 (2003).
7. IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2, (2012).
delay development until sprayed, which initiates
vascularization shortly after (Hance, pers. obs.).
Fortunately, the rare captive-produced prog-
eny appear to do much better in captivity than
imported animals. Dedicated institutions and
keepers will be essential to expand our current
husbandry and breeding protocols to ensure vi-
able assurance colonies.
Efforts are being made globally to protect
and conserve these poorly understood cheloni-
ans. These species are in decline in many parts
of their range due to bushmeat consumption,
habitat loss, improper land use, and collection
for the pet trade (4, 5, 6). Currently, over 75% of
Kinixys species are Not Evaluated (NE) or Data
Deficient (DD) by The International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (7).
The Tortoise and Freshwater Specialist Group
of the IUCN will meet in Lome, Togo this year
for a status assessment review and evaluation of
the current threats. To date, no comprehensive
effort has been made to compile and synthesize
available research and resources on the Kinixys
complex. In an effort to guide the status review
of Hingeback Tortoises, the Kinixys Conserva-
tion Blueprint (Misfud, In prep) is a document
drafted to assess the distribution of currently
recognized species, habitat and ecology, global
and regional status, potential threats, conser-
vation and management, and husbandry and
captive breeding.
An effort to mobilize and unite those working
with Kinixys both in the field and in captivity
is underway. The Kinixys Conservation Task
Force is a newly developed partnership through
which TSA and other interested organizations
are collaborating to address the conservation and
captive management of this genus. A primary ob-
jective of this group is to assess the current cap-
tive holdings of Kinixys in both private and public
collections to assess potential founder stock for
assurance colonies. As part of this effort, data on
husbandry and breeding success will be collected
and shared with members to improve future
breeding success.
Kinixys are amazing and often overlooked
tortoises that are an important part of sub-Saha-
ran African and Malagasy landscapes. Compre-
hensive knowledge regarding their ecological
needs, population status, and threats to survival
is necessary for successful conservation of these
unique tortoises. To learn more about the Kinixys
Conservation Blueprint or to get involved with
the Kinixys Conservation Task Force please con-
tact David Mifsud.
Contact Information: David A. Mifsud, Herpetological
Resource and Management, P.O. Box 110 Chelsea,
Michigan 48118, DMifsud@HerpRMan.com
Michael W. Hance, PhD. 86 Johnathan Lucas St. Rm.
H0702, Charleston, SC 29425, hance@musc.edu
A captive male Kinixys spekii in a naturalized environ-
ment in central Texas. PHOTO CREDIT: SCOTT DAVIS
A nice pair of captive Kinixys lobatsiana PHOTO CREDIT: WILL AHRENS
A captive male Kinixys homeana. PHOTO CREDIT: CHRIS HANSEN
august 2013 28 turtle survival
A key to the success of our Madagascar tortoise
conservation program is facilitating tortoise
confiscations through increased awareness
among local law makers and by giving support to
enforcement agenciesespecially by providing
temporary homes, proper husbandry, and veteri-
nary care to confiscated animals.
2013 saw a significant rise in confiscations,
with the TSA's Antananarivo office handling
at least one confiscation monthly over a seven
month period. A major cause of the increase is
better surveillance at Ivato International Airport
in Antananarivoa combined result of greater
awareness by the international conservation
community, and the signing of a community anti-
poaching pact known as a DINA.
CONFISCATION CASE STUDIES
The DINA was launched in southern Mada-
gascar's Androy region in June 2012. By November
three confiscations totaling 350 tortoises were
made, the most notable being the September arrest
of poachers in Ampanihy carrying 272 juvenile
Radiated Tortoises. The poachers were from
Tsihombe, a community known for illegal tortoise
trafficking and their arrest shook the town. Within
a day, the mayor and other officials launched an
awareness campaign. The mayor made a speech
informing people about the DINA, and asking
for their support against poachers. Local people
welcomed his words. After years of silence, they
want authorities to protect Tandroy traditions. This
unprecedented event was broadcast on national
television and will likely have lasting positive con-
sequences. Since then, tortoise confiscations have
occurred in every month of the first half of 2013.
In January 2013, two men were arrested for
selling 11 adult Spider Tortoises on an Antanana-
rivo roadside. The animals were concealed in a
basket and passersby were urged to buy them.
The men were reported to police, the tortoises
confiscated, and the TSA took on their care.
In February 2013, two smugglers were
arrested and 493 juvenile Radiated Tortoises
stuffed into three suitcaseswere seized at
Ivato Airport. Three University of Antananarivo
veterinary students stepped in to care for the
animals, and also volunteered to treat confiscat-
ed tortoises turned over to TSA in future. After
observation, care and quarantine at the Mada-
gascar Biodiversity Partnership (MBP) facility in
Antananarivo, the tortoises were transferred to
the Village des Tortues in Ifaty.
In March 2013, a Malagasy man from Anta-
nanarivo was arrested at Ivato Airport before
boarding a flight to Bangkok via Nairobi, Kenya.
He had two suitcases holding 293 juvenile Radi-
ated Tortoiseshis second attempt to get the
animals out of the country. The man claimed he
was allowed to leave Madagascar with a suitcase
Rise in Tortoise
Confiscations Underscores
Need for New TSA
Triage Centers
Herilala R andriamahazo, Rick Hudson and Christina Castellano
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MADAGASCAR
Groups of confiscated Radiated Tortoises are initially cared for at TSA's Office in Antananarivo until they can be
moved south. PHOTO CREDIT: HERILALA RANDRIAMAHAZO
Radiated Tortoises are loaded into multiple level boxes in
preparation for their drive from Durrell's tortoise center
in Ampijoroa to Antananarivo. These tortoises were
seized in Mahajanga on a boat headed for the Comores.
PHOTO CREDIT: HERILALA RANDRIAMAHAZO
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 29 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
full of tortoises in December 2012. Lon Razafin-
drakoto of Salamandra Nature and MBP worked
with TSA to transport the tortoises free of charge
via Air Madagascar to the Village des Tortues.
In April 2013, A Malagasy woman tried to
smuggle a suitcase full of baby chameleons and
40-hatchling Radiated Tortoises through Ivato
Airport. She registered her luggage at check-in,
but when customs found the animals in her suit-
case, she vanished. The forestry officer turned
the confiscated animals over to the TSA for care.
In May 2013, a dhow setting sail to the Co-
moros Islands was seized in Mahajanga with 168
juvenile Radiated Tortoises aboard. They were
moved to Durrell's tortoise conservation center
in Ampijoroa. A week later, TSA received a For-
estry permit to take charge of the tortoises.
In June 2013, police confiscated 39 adult Spi-
der Tortoises in an Antananarivo overnight bus
parking lot. Fortunately, Parc Tsimbazaza (the
National Zoo and Botanic Garden in Antananari-
vo) was able to receive them because all available
TSA tortoise space was full.
REINTRODUCING CONFISCATED TORTOISES
Given the increasing volume of confiscated
tortoises, our next challenge is to implement an
effective system to transition them back to the
wild. This requires that we identify good habitat
where depleted populations can be restored,
as well as adjacent communities supportive of
tortoise protection. We've identified two such
areas, and plan to release tortoises at both sites:
Sirempo, the sacred forests in Ampotaka and
Tragnovaho in southern Madagascar's Androy
region. Ms. Soary Andrianjafizanaka, a Univer-
sity of Toliara graduate student, will test various
release strategies for Radiated Tortoises at both
sites as part of her PhD program. We will involve
local communities during both the pre-release
periodto build soft release enclosuresand to
aid in follow-up monitoring.
A preliminary study will involve 54 sub-adult
tortoises, 42 of which will be radio-tracked
following a soft release. All will be held in one-
hectare pre-release pens for six-month/one-year
periods to acclimate them to local conditions and
native food sources. Mr. Sylvain Mahazotahy,
a TSA staffer from Ambovombe, is leading the
project. A launch ceremony at the sacred forest of
Sirempo in Ampotaka is scheduled for July 2013.
TORTOISE TRIAGE
A cornerstone of our confiscation/reintro-
duction strategy is the creation of tortoise triage
facilities in key southern Madagascar towns
where the animals are most often illegally
traded. These centers will give law enforcement
agencies a place to temporarily house confiscated
tortoises, facilities where we can give the best
possible care.
The TSA, assisted by Zoo Boise Conserva-
tion Fund, is building three triage centers, with
two more planned. The first is in Ambovombe,
with Betioky and Ampanihy to follow soon, and
Tsiombe and Beloha coming later. Each highly
secure facility, with its trained staff, will be
a safe haven to which tortoises can be moved
immediately after confiscationa place to settle
in, rehydrate, be fed, and treated for injuries and
illnesses.
The tortoises will be moved from the triage
centers to a larger regional rescue center for lon-
ger term management and pre-release planning.
This regional center is planned for the town of
Marovato, a centralized location with a very sup-
portive mayor, located in the eastern part of the
tortoise's range. The World Bank has tentatively
approved the center's funding. The regional
center will relieve overcrowding at the Village des
Tortues in Ifaty, where most Radiated and Spider
Tortoise confiscations are now placed. To prevent
"putting all our eggs in one basket," and to avoid
mixing genetic stock, we plan a second regional
center east of the Menarandra River, closer to the
heart of the species' range. There is good evidence
of genetic structure in Radiated Tortoises and
large rivers represent barriers to gene flow that
are responsible for this structure.
The rise in confiscations and construction of
triage centers both show that TSA's conservation
program is working, offering hope to Madagas-
car's endangered toroises.
Contacts: Herilala Randriamahazo, Herilala@turtlesur-
vival.org; Christina Castellano, Utah's Hogle Zoo, Salt
Lake City, UT 84108, ccastellano@hoglezoo.org;
Rick Hudson, Turtle Survival Alliance, 1989 Colonial Park-
way, Fort Worth, TX 76110, rhudson@fortworthzoo.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The TSA's Confiscation to Reintroduction
Strategy is largely supported by a $29,000 grant
from the Zoo Boise Conservation Fund; it pays
for construction and operation of the triage
centers. Generous support has also come from:
AZA Radiated Tortoise SSP, Charles Landrey,
Columbus Zoo, Conservation International,
Dennis Coules, Fort Worth Zoo, Herpetofauna
Foundation, Idea Wild, Knoxville Zoo, Mohamed
Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Natural
Encounters Conservation Fund, Owen Griffiths,
WWF Education for Nature program, Phoenix
Zoo, Robert Krause, San Diego Zoo, Seneca Park
Zoo Society, Toronto Zoo, Turtle and Tortoise
Preservation Group, Turtle Conservation Fund,
Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership, Direction
Gnrale des Forts, Air Madagascar, Utah's
Hogle Zoo, the Andrew Sabin Family Founda-
tion, , Leicester Tortoise Society, and the Devon
and Cornwall Tortoise Group. We also recognize
our Radiated Tortoise conservation field team:
Sylvain Mahazotahy, Riana Rakotondrainy,
and Soary Randrianjafizanaka, as well as, Ryan
Walker and Andrea Currylow. Partnering orga-
nizations in spider tortoise monitoring include:
Ho Avy, Blue Ventures, University of Southern
California's Department for Human and Evo-
lutionary Biology, Universit d'Antananarivo
Dpartement de Biologie Animale, Madagascar
Biodiversity Partnership, The Open University's
Veterinary students from the University of Antananarivo helping to treat a group of 292 Radiated Tortoises seized at
the Ivato Airport. They are Ny Aina, Anjara and Ranto PHOTO CREDIT: HERILALA RANDRIAMAHAZO
august 2013 30 turtle survival
On this year's field expedition to southern Mada-
gascar, we travelled from the east coast, across
the Spiny Forest, to Lac Tsimanampetsotsa
National Parkknown for Radiated Tortoises
and our final western destination. The trip met
three goals: to advance our Radiated Tortoise
public awareness campaign; to assess that cam-
paign's impact so far on conservation; and to lay
groundwork for a network of triage centers for
confiscated tortoises dotting the species' range.
We also shared new campaign materials and
hatched plans for the program's future.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
In 2012, we developed new, more sophis-
ticated education materials with our program
partner, the Emerging Wildlife Conservation
Leaders (EWCL). A fun, hands-on activity book
was designed to teach local children about Radi-
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MADAGASCAR
On the Road Again: Radiated
Tortoise Conservation
in Southern Madagascar
Christina Castellano and Rick Hudson
ated Tortoise natural history, survival threats,
and ways they can ensure a bright future for
one of their society's most beloved animals. We
distributed hundreds of the books, along with
pencils, crayons, pencil sharpeners, and candy
bags to schoolchildren in 10 targeted communi-
tiesall key regional tortoise stewards.
We also implemented a study to see if the
campaign's first two-years had achieved the
hoped for impact: tortoise conservation through
community stewardship. We surveyed men,
women, and children in each village to deter-
mine if: 1) campaign materials were appropriate
and used, 2) the messaging was acceptable and
understood; and 3) the campaign inspired people
to protect tortoises. We also conducted focus
groups, seeking ideas for program improve-
ments. Early results suggest the campaign has
been successful, empowering people to express
their convictions that poaching is wrong, and
that tortoises should be protected. Of course, law
enforcement is needed to back-up the education
effort, since poachers are armed. Consequently,
we need to continue supporting law enforcement
by giving them the tools necessary to apprehend
poachers and care for confiscated tortoises.
TRIAGE FOR TORTOISES
During our Madagascar trip, we visited five
strategically located towns where TSA plans
to build its triage centers to receive confiscated
tortoises. We identified construction sites,
discussed outreach opportunities, and consid-
ered center design. Located near the heart of
each town, the centers will include conservation
education kiosks and graphic panels to facilitate
school programs and tourist visits. The triage
centers, with their accessibility to law enforce-
ment and wildlife agents, will encourage police
confiscation of illegally collected tortoises, and
provide care for the animals, preparing them for
reintroduction to the wild.
Contacts: Christina Castellano, Utah's Hogle Zoo, Salt
Lake City, UT 84108, ccastellano@hoglezoo.org;
Rick Hudson, Turtle Survival Alliance, 1989 Colonial Park-
way, Fort Worth, TX 76110, rhudson@fortworthzoo.org
Sylvain with school kids in Tsiombe during environmental education questionnaires. PHOTO CREDIT: RYAN WALKER
The iconic lighthouse at Cap St Marie, a special reserve on
Madagascar's southernmost tip, which supports the densest
population of Radiated Tortoises in the country. Protecting
this important population through community stewardship
is the core of our project and the highest conservation
priority for this species. PHOTO CREDIT: AARON GEKOSKI
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 31 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MADAGASCAR
Community Based
Spider Tortoise Monitoring
in Southern Madagascar
Ryan Walker, Andrea Currylow, Tsilavo Rafeliarisoa, Edward Louis,
Fran Humber, Charlotte Gough, and Anthony Arnold
The president of the community of Lamboara is involved in the monitoring project within the north of the species
range. PHOTO CREDIT: BLUE VENTURES
REFERENCES
Walker, R.C.J., Whitmore, N., Rafeliarisoa, T.H. & Hamylton,
S. (2012) The effect of habitat deterioration on the long
term survival of the Critically Endangered Madagascar
spider tortoise. 152, 152-158.
Walker, R.C.J. & Rafeliarisoa, T.H. (2012) Status of the relict
population of the Critically Endangered Madagascar spider
tortoise . , 46, 453-463.
Several priority conservation sites were identi-
fied in southwest and coastal Madagascar by the
TSA/TCF-funded spatial population and distri-
bution analysis of remaining wild populations
of (Walkeret al., 2012; Walker and Rafeliarisoa,
2012). To protect at these sites, NGOs and other
partners have launched community-based
incentivised conservation monitoring initiatives
in the towns of Lamboara, Anakao, Ranobe and
Lavaolo.
The NGO Blue Ventures Conservation (BV)
has developed a basic monitoring program for
a significant population of in partnership with
the community of Lamboara within theVelon-
driake Community Managed Marine Protected
Area. Backed by funding from TCF and TSA, BV
appointed a Malagasy tortoise monitoring coor-
dinator who works with Lamboara residents in
a regular mark and recapture program for . BV
also initiated an awareness and education pro-
gram, holding tortoise festivals and doing local
radio programs to promote species conservation
and sustainable management of the tortoise's
dry forest habitat. This spider tortoise popu-
lation has also been included in Velondriake
Protected Area management plans. Further
south, the local sustainable agriculture group is
monitoring a small population of in the forests
of the Ranobe region.
In the coastal fishing community of Anakao,
south of Toliara the regional capital, a long-term
mark and recapture program has been running for
ten years. The program, maintained by U.K., U.S.
and Madagascar researchers, has hired a fulltime
local forest guardian to collect data, and more
importantly, be a permanent presence in the for-
est. Maurice Rodrigues from the village of Anakao
has worked seasonally with the research group
for four years. His growing knowledge of tortoise
biology has now allowed him to be employed
collecting radio telemetry data and to earn added
sustainable income by leading guided forest walks.
Further south in the village of Lavaolo, U.S.
and local biologists, in collaboration with the
Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership, have
launched a radio telemetry project for a popula-
tion of , using a para-biologist from the local
community. This same community member has
been monitoring for a few years.
This incentivised form of conservationpay-
ing stipends for basic data collection, or for
small-scale tourism venturesgives communi-
ties a vested financial interest in preserving
spider tortoise populations. Such incentives are
likely our best hope for tortoise conservation in
Madagascar's most impoverished regions.
Contacts: Ryan Walker, The Open University's Depart-
ment of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems; Andrea
Currylow, University of Southern California's Department
for Human and Evolutionary Biology; Tsilavo Rafeliarisoa,
Universit d'Antananarivo Dpartement de Biologie
Animale, and Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership;
Edward Louis, Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership;
Fran Humber, Blue Ventures; Charlotte Gough, Blue
Ventures; Anthony Arnold. Ho Avy
august 2013 32 turtle survival
The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
(WAZA) launched Project Batagur baska with
the acquisition of five (3.2) Northern River Terra-
pin (Batagur baska) in July 2010. The goal was to
build a breeding group of one of the rarest turtle
species in the world within Bangladesh.
In 2011 and early spring 2012, we furthered
that endeavor by acquiring three additional
females and several more males. We found these
B. baska in rudimentary fish breeding ponds in
rural Bangladesh (where local communities keep
turtles for good luck), and transferred them to a
facility where they could be optimally bred and
protected. The Bangladesh Forest Department
provided two large earthen ponds inside Bhawal
National Parkenclosures previously used for
crocodile conservation.
In 2012, during the first breeding season, all
five females nested and 26 hatchlings emerged.
After this quick unexpected success, steps were
taken to link ex- and in situ measures to ensure
the long time survival of B. baska. A new col-
laboration with a strong local partner, IUCN
Bangladesh, was established, and a memoran-
dum of understanding was signed between TSA,
Zoo Vienna, the Bangladesh Forest Department,
and IUCN Bangladesh. IUCN Bangladesh now
functions as the umbrella organization, working
closely with local groups, including CARINAM
as a scientific adviser, Prokriti O Jibon (Nature
and Life) as media partner, and the Bangladesh
Environment and Development Society (BEDS)
an active NGO for south Bangladesh.
We continue to improve our Bhawal facil-
ity. We've renovated a second hatchery to hold
additional juvenile turtles, and have improved
adult turtle health. Many adults are advanced
in age and have suffered years of malnutrition.
Turtles are now offered green leafy vegetables,
such as water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), as well
as bananas and shrimp on alternating days. The
staff supplements this diet with water hyacinths
(Eichornia sp.), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), and
river snails (Viviparus sp.). The turtles are now
well-adjusted and even take bananas by hand.
All five females nested again this season
though no female laid multiple clutches. Clutches
were deposited between 23 and 26 March. An
additional clutch laid earlier but overlooked
was found on 14 April. Eggs from the first four
clutches were transferred to a hatchery protected
by metal mesh to prevent mongoose or monitor
lizard predation. The fifth clutch remained in
place, but was caged with metal mesh.
Past experience indicated to us that we
needed to raise incubation temperatures. In
the previous year, we determined the sex of a
small subset of hatchlings using endoscopy. The
results led us to strongly suspect that previ-
ous incubation temperatures were maintained
too low, producing only males. In response, we
raised the average temperature of the nesting
beach this year by trimming surrounding trees
and placing glass panels atop clutches to inten-
Another Successful
Year for Project
Batagur baska
Peter Pr aschag, Anton Weissenbacher, and Rupali Ghosh
Rupali Ghosh, AGJ Morshed and Noorul transfer a nest inside the hatchery. PHOTO CREDIT: PETER PRASCHAG
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E S
BANGLADESH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 33 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
sify solar radiation. Nest temperatures were
also controlled daily by the staff who installed
and removed the glass panels depending on
the weather. These efforts increased average
incubation temperature from 27C (80.6F) to
29-30C (84.2-86F).
The five females produced 99 eggs (compared
to 92 in 2012) out of which 61 hatched. The hatch-
ling success rate rose from 26 percent in 2012,
to 61 percent in 2013, a laudable achievement in
a single year. Only 3 eggs were presumed to be
infertile, suggesting adequate sperm production
by the males. Interestingly no eggs out of the last
groupthe ones not transferred (n=20) hatched.
The incubation period was 62 to 66 days.
We have an ambitious plan for 2014, thanks
to a generous grant from SOS - Save Our Species,
that will fund the construction of at least five new
breeding ponds. This will allow us to shift from
our current random breeding to known - parent-
age pairings, with a studbook and defined blood-
lines. The CITES export permit for tissue samples
of all known B. baska in Bangladesh passed the
advisory board of the Ministry of Forests and will
soon be issued. Based on microsatellite analyses,
an Austrian student will look into the genetic
constitution of the species, allowing us to know
the parentage of all hatchlings and to create the
studbook. Fortunately, the Wildlife Conservation
Society (WCS) and Wildlife Reserves Singapore
(WRS) recently developed a microsatellite library
for the genus Batagur. Defined breeding pairs, or
trios of 2.1, will be separated for breeding.
In June 2013 a BEDS led team located two
wild caught B. baska hatchlings, provided by local
fishermen. This exciting discovery is the first
evidence of a reproducing wild population in the
Sundarbans. More good news: the different size
and morphology of the two hatchlings allows us to
confidently conclude that they are not full siblings
but rather emerged from two different clutches.
This finding encourages us to launch extensive
field surveys to locate nesting beaches and build
an in situ conservation program. Because so little
is known about the biology and ecology of the
species, satellite telemetry should be used to study
movement patterns and habitat selection of any
adults found in the wild. All nesting sites discov-
ered should be protected and nests monitored to
assure they are not destroyed by predators.
The amazing achievement of 61 hatchlings
in the 2013 breeding season offers reason for
optimism. We are currently acquiring an ad-
ditional female to enlarge the breeding group. To
minimize the risk of setbacks due to devastating
disease, the B. baska breeding group should be
split, with half the stock transferred to Karamjal,
a forest station of the Bangladesh Forest Depart-
ment in the middle of the natural habitat of the
Northern River Terrapin in the Sundarbans.
Project Batagur Baska has turned out to be a
small but very successful international conserva-
tion partnership.
Peter Praschag, Anton Weissenbacher, and Rupali
Ghosh, Am Katzelbach 98, 8054 Graz, Austria, gpeter@
praschag.at
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was generously supported by the
Toronto Zoo, Columbus Zoo, SOS - Save Our Spe-
cies and Walter Sedgwick.
Basking hatchlings of 2013. PHOTO CREDIT: A.G.J. MORSHED
An adult pair of B. baska; the female is feeding on water hyacinth. PHOTO CREDIT: PETER PRASCHAG
august 2013 34 turtle survival
India is a hot spot of chelonian diversity, with 28
species of freshwater turtles and land tortoises.
It is home to such enigmatic species as Chitra
indica, and charismatic endemics like the Forest
Cane Turtle (Vijayachelys silvatica), Travancore
Tortoise (Indotestudo travancorica), and the Red-
crowned Roofed Turtle (Batagur kachuga).
India's booming human population, topping
1.24 billion, is impacting those species. The
intensive use of resources, such as water and
sand for construction, for example, has put key
chelonian habitat squarely in the crosshairs of
destruction. Twelve of India's 28 chelonian spe-
cies are now Endangered or Critically Endan-
gered according to the IUCN Red-List; the rest
are being pushed to the brink.
Despite this disheartening news, TSA's India
Program is making real headway saving endan-
gered chelonians with an integrated conserva-
tion strategy that includes education, local com-
munity involvement, staff recruitment, and NGO
partnering. TSA's India Program, in association
with the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and other
conservation partners, is working effectively in
five Turtle Priority Areas (TPAs)regional zones
that focus on chelonian species at greatest risk.
Here we present some notable successes from the
last field season:
INDIAN NARROW-HEADED SOFTSHELL
TURTLE (CHITRA INDICA) INITIATIVE:
Conservation of C. Indica has met with suc-
cesses and setbacks. A robust nest protection
program has included surveys of nesting habitat
and protection of known nests in North India,
but the initiative has achieved only marginal suc-
cesses in the raising of endangered softshells in
captivity over the past five yearsa failure likely
due to harsh winter weather.
During this past year's survey of the Up-
per Ganges, mid Chambal and lower Yamuna
river systems, we found ten nests on the largely
unprotected Yamuna-Chambal confluence.
Two nests (271 eggs) were translocated to the
Kukrail Gharial and Turtle Centre in Lucknow
for incubation. Of 187 hatchlings that emerged in
November, we released 137 at the collection site;
50 were retained for headstarting.
Modifications to a gharial hatchling pen at the
Kukrail Center and improved husbandry there
have increased winter survivability. The enclosure
was equipped with clear plastic sheets and a solar
water heater to protect against the cold. New
ultraviolet and infrared lamps maintain appropri-
ate water temperatures and allow for synthesis
of vitamin D. Regular water changes helped
maintain water levels, while sand for burrowing
was replaced every 2 weeks. The hatchling diet
included fish fingerlings, earthworms and snails.
Unfortunately, the cohort suffered bouts
of mortalities in January and April 2013, when
more than 30 hatchlings died, due to tempera-
ture extremes. Husbandry parameters were
adjusted to stem the deaths. The remaining 20
hatchlings are growing rapidly (ca. 75+ grams)
and will hopefully survive, establishing the first
species breeding program at Kukrail.
Five additional nests (754 eggs) were moved
to the Garhaita Turtle Centre on the Chambal
and 563 hatchlings were released at natal sites.
Unfortunately, human pressures and erratic
weather over recent years have caused deterio-
ration of the once prime nesting habitat on the
upper Ganges.
RED-CROWNED ROOFED TURTLE (BATAGUR
KACHUGA) INITIATIVE:
TSA's Batagur headstarting projectin
operation for nine years in the National Chambal
Sanctuary (NCS)aims to enhance recruitment
of this endangered species. Over the past year,
we initiated an NCS sonic telemetry project to
test basic assumptions about our headstart-
ing program. Brian D. Horne helped us design
the project and choose the equipment. Receiv-
ers, transmitters, and an inflatable boat were
purchased with funds from his postdoctoral
fellowship at the San Diego Zoo Institute for
Conservation Research.
Ten sub-adult individuals (4 males and 6
females) aged 10 years were selected from the
TSA supported Batagur headstarting facility at
TSA India: Committed
to Securing the Future
of Indian Turtles
Shailendr a Singh,PhD
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
INDIA
Leith's Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia leithii) are enigmatic softshell turtles of peninsular India. The TSA has been
conducting surveys to determine their current status, while also developing assurance colonies in regional zoos
using juveniles of the species such as this one. PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 35 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Meet the Staff:
Chaitra Baliga
Shashwat Sirsi
Chaitra Baliga, or "Chatri", is one of the
newest TSA-India program members. A
science graduate, she joined the Western
Ghats and Peninsular India Project as a
research intern, and became a full-time As-
sistant Project Officer in April 2013. Chatri
will be conducting surveys and helping set
up assurance colonies of threatened softs-
hells and tortoises in South India.
Chatri first showed her affinity for turtles at
age nine, when she rescued an Indian Black
Turtle after it was hit by a car, releasing it
safely back into the wild once recovered. Her
efforts to convince neighbors to release "pet"
turtles earned her the nickname "turtle girl".
Chatri's dream is to restock depleted endan-
gered Cochin Forest Cane Turtle populations,
while helping local communities understand
their vital role in conserving the Western
Ghats landscape. Her hobbies include foot-
ball and listening to heavy metal music.
TSA India has set up riverside hatcheries on the Chambal River to protect the nests of sympatric Batagur species
every year since 2006. Freshly encountered nests from vulnerable locations, like this one, are relocated to protected
hatcheries to ensure their survival. PHOTO CREDIT: LONNIE MCCASKILL
the Deori Eco-Centre in Morena on the middle
Chambal. Ultrasonic Coded Temperature Te-
lemetry (Sonotronics CTT) transmitters were
mounted on captive sub-adult B. kachuga, allow-
ing us to obtain baseline values on post release
survival, dispersal and microclimatic selection
among the headstarted turtles.
Transmittered individuals were "soft" re-
leased on the mid Chambal into a 75-meter-long
river leg enclosed with bamboo frames. Turtles
were observed during the penning period forag-
ing on aquatic vegetation and became increasing-
ly shy of humans. After two weeks, the enclosure
was dismantled and the animals dispersed to the
main river channel. We are currently tracking
eight tagged individuals in deeper channel pools
within five kilometers of the release site. This
procedure could potentially be extended to wild
specimens to observe comparative behaviors.
This year, Batagur nest protection efforts oc-
curred at two hatcheries on the lower and middle
Chambal. In February, we also initiated an in-situ
nest protection effort along the lower Chambal at
Garhaita village, for comparative purposes. The
new hatcheries used wire mesh, but this didn't
prevent jackals and other animals from depredat-
ing all 70 protected nests.
This high predation rate inspired the estab-
lishment of a new hatchery at Garhaita in March.
A total of 120 nests (2,195 eggs) and 166 nests
(3,243 eggs) of two Batagur species were protected
on the lower and mid Chambal. Hatching in the
river's middle and lower sections are complete
with 90 and 89 percent average emergence. Emer-
gent hatchlings were tagged prior to release at
natal sites. 110 B. kachuga hatchlings were trans-
ported from the mid-Chambal hatchery to the
Deori Eco-centre to supplement our headstarting
project. Unfortunately, 78 nests were depredated,
poached or destroyed at nesting sites along the
entire river segment (ca.75 km) surveyed.
COMMUNITY EDUCATION, AWARENESS,
AND TRAINING (CEAT)
Chelonian educational materials were devel-
oped for urban and river communities as part of
a yearlong Freshwater Biodiversity Conserva-
tion Awareness Campaign. Table calendars, a
book of nature poems, and posters highlighting
species diversity, ecology, and conservation were
distributed to local communities and schools.
These materials were officially released in March
2013 by the Honorable Minister of Uttar Pradesh,
Sri Raja Anand Pratap Singh at a function in
Lucknow attended by 300 dignitaries.
Seventy-eight CEAT events were conducted
addressing over 18,560 participants. Events
included Village Level Conservation Meetings
(Sanrakschan Panchayat), Camel Rallies and
Road Shows, Turtle Poacher Conversion Work-
shops, Ranger Training Workshops, River-side
Education Camps and Photo Exhibitions. We also
Chaitra Baliga holding a female N. leithii along the Kali
River. PHOTO CREDIT: SHASHWAT SIRSI
august 2013 36 turtle survival
designed and installed signage on turtle diver-
sity, threats, and conservation measures at key
locales, including the Kukrail Centre; on North
and South Indian rivers such as the Chambal,
Ghaghra, Sarju and Kali; and at Northeast Indian
temple ponds. Moreover we trained two graduate
students of wildlife science and corporate com-
munication in the turtle conservation biology
and conservation communication, respectively.
NORTHERN RIVER TERRAPIN (BATAGUR
BASKA) INITIATIVE:
In March we worked with staff at the Sunder-
ban Tiger Reserve (West Bengal Forest Depart-
ment, WBFD) to facilitate the nesting of B. baska,
one of the world's most endangered turtles. Just
before nesting, females at the Sajnekhali facility
were captured from their earthen pond enclosure
and examined. Three adult females were palpated
and determined to be gravid and transferred to
the nesting pond. In March, another adult female
from a village pond at Mollakali was handed over
to the WBFD. She too was introduced to the Sa-
jnekhali nesting pond. All four females nested and
56 hatchlings emerged on the nights of 25 and 26
May. All were transferred to the nursery.
We marked, weighed, measured and pho-
tographed 33 yearlings that hatched in 2012.
They were then moved to a permanent nursery
enclosure, a revamp of a former Olive Ridley pen.
All yearlings have taken well to their new home
and are growing rapidly.
BLACK SOFTSHELL TURTLE (NILSSONIA
NIGRICANS) INITIATIVE:
The Black Softshell Turtle is restricted to a few
temple ponds in India and Bangladesh, with the
exception of remnant individuals in the Brahmapu-
tra River. Early this year, we monitored four Assam
temple ponds, finding that all needed modifications
to address husbandry deficiencies and to encour-
age nesting. We met with temple committees, and
community and political leaders repeatedly to build
confidence and consensus on achieving these goals,
while taking care not to upset religious beliefs.
Since then, we have made changes to two temple
ponds at Nagshankar and Sarbhog in the Brahma-
putra River system. We incorporated regular health
examinations, established basking and nesting
platforms, and developed an on-site hatchery and
nursery facility. Other measures culled predatory
fish and discouraged the release of semi-aquatic
turtles and tortoises. We also installed signage
asking visitors to refrain from littering in the ponds
TSA India conducts outreach to educate school children about riverine turtles and other vertebrates. Such programs
involve skits, painting and model competitions, wildlife games and demonstrations. PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH
Turtle Limited, a popular menswear company in India,
announces a three year deal to promote TSA's India turtle
conservation program as part of their Corporate Social
Responsibility initiative. TSA representative Dr. Shailendra
Singh presents a souvenir to Turtle Limited representative,
Mr. Samaresh Shah during an event to formally launch this
collaboration. PHOTO CREDIT: BHASKER M DIXIT
Divisional Forest Officer of Chambal, Vincent Rahim, listens to the sonic telemetered Batagur kachuga sub-adults released
on the Chambal River. San Diego Zoo Global generously funded the purchase of this equipment. All individuals will be
tracked throughout the year to study the survival and migration of headstarted turtles. PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 37 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
or feeding turtles. A temple register was installed
to record new pond entries. In April, we found a
N. nigricans nest at Nagshankar pond and set up
an temporary onsite hatchery. Another nest of N.
nigricans was given to TSA team members by local
villagers and is currently incubating. A permanent
facility, capable of incubating at least ten nests and
rearing 75 hatchling N. nigricans for six months,
has been completed and on 30 June, the first clutch
hatched, producing 15 turtles.
LEITH'S SOFTSHELL TURTLE (NILSSONIA
LEITHII) INITIATIVE:
During this field season, Rajkumar, TSA's
veteran nest finder, traveled from North to South
India to teach local assistants how to locate the
nests of N. leithii. We set out to Dandeli in North-
west Karnataka and celebrated World Turtle
Day upon our arrival. The celebration included
a workshop for 30 school children at the Bison
River Resorts on the River Kali.
Subsequent surveys and sampling yielded no
nest, though implications are that two clutches
were deposited by this enigmatic species during
Improvements at the Kukrail Gharial Center have improved husbandry practices. Donated equipment has included a solar water heater and an electric refrigerator. PHOTO CREDIT:
SHAILENDRA SINGH
A status assessment of the enigmatic Leith's softshell Turtle, Nilssonia leithii is ongoing on the Kali River in Karnataka state
of South India. Here is our south India project co-ordinator, Shashwat Sirsi (left) along with project field assistant Santosh
holding two freshly sampled leithii specimens. Such animals are sampled using traditional fishing gears with the help of
local fishermen and after processing released back at the precise location of capture. PHOTO CREDIT: CHAITRA BALIGA/TSA INDIA
august 2013 38 turtle survival
the post-monsoon and early summer season. We
did come across a dead adult female, drowned in a
fisherman's net. The specimen was 63 cm. in length
and 22 kg. in weight. Our lack of knowledge regard-
ing N. leithii in the wild, underscores the need for an
assurance colony where this species' reproductive
biology can be studied. Efforts continue to establish
a captive breeding program in South India.
NEW CONSERVATION PARTNERS:
TSA India is proud to announce Turtle
Limited and Emerging Wildlife Conservation
Leaders as new conservation partners
Turtle Limited was established in 1993 and
today is one of India's fastest growing menswear
companies. Turtle Limited has committed itself
to supporting TSA India's Turtle Conservation
Program for three years as part of its "Corporate
Social Responsibility" project. Turtle Limited
is displaying the TSA logo on its apparel at its
300 stores across India, along with an appeal for
turtle conservation.
Emerging Wildlife Conservation Leaders
(EWCL) is a joint program, facilitated by the
Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund and
Conservation International. This program helps
jump-start the careers of conservation profes-
sionals through skills training and networking
opportunities with peers and established practi-
tioners. EWCL chose the India Turtle Conser-
vation Program as a partner to help strengthen
community outreach, advocacy, networking,
communication and capacity building over the
next two years.
Shailendra Singh,PhD, TSA India Country Program
Office, D1/316, Sector F, Jankipuram, Lucknow- India,
shai@turtlesurvival.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TSA India extends heartfelt gratitude to the following organi-
zations and individuals:
Financial support: Andrew Sabin Family Foundation,
San Diego Zoo Global, Mohamed bin Zayed Species
Conservation Fund, Patricia Koval/WWF Canada, Cleveland
Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland Zoological Society, Sedgwick
County Zoo, Turtle Conservation Fund, Phoenix Zoo, SOS
- Save our Species, Toronto Zoo, Turtle Limited, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Gharial Conservation Alliance and
Centre for Environmental Education.
Permits, logistic support and guidance: Rupak De, Naren-
dra Kumar, Suresh Chand, NC Bahuguna, Dipak Sarmah,
B.K. Singh, Suhas Kumar, Ajai Mishra, Saumitra Dasgupta,
Puneet Pathak, Shailesh Prashad, Sanjay Srivastava, Eva
Sharma, Neeraj Kumar, Sujoy Banerjee, Vincent Rahim,
Brij Kishore Gupta, Manoj Kumar Shukla, V.B. Srivastava,
Gurmeet Singh, Suresh Rajput, Ayodhya Prasad, SC Bhad-
auria, Renu Singh, Jayanto Basu, Bahumik, Andy Leeman,
Apal Singh, and Samaresh Shah, Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Forest Departments of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam and Karnataka, Zoological
Survey of India, National Fisheries Development Board,
TRAFFIC-India, RIB Expedition, and White Canvas Limited.
Critical feedback, guidance and support: Rick Hudson,
Lonnie McCaskill (India advisor), Scott Davis, Patricia Koval,
Andrew Walde, Brian D Horne, Hugh Quinn, Heather Lowe,
Colin Stevenson, Ravi Chellam and Romulus Whitaker.
TSA India team Members: Shailendra Singh, Shashwat
Sirsi, Ashutosh Tripathi, Bhasker M Dixit, Raja Mandal,
Gowri Mallapur, Dr. RK Sharma Bishwajeet Baruah, Chaitra
Baliga Suresh Pal Singh, , Aurnima Singh, Shadab Ahmad,
Rinku Kumar, Surendra Kumar, Santram Bhagwatiand Om
Prakash.
Newly hatched Black Softshell Turtles (N. nigricans)
await release at the new facility at Nagshankar. Hatch-
lings like these will be reared and restocked in historic
and protected habitats along Brahampatura river system
in Assam. PHOTO CREDIT: AKASH SINGH
TSA India, under guidance from the Endangered Species Project, Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, renovated the species
graphics and developed a river reptile knowledge park at the Kukrail Gharial Center. PHOTO CREDIT: LONNIE MCCASKILL
San Diego Zoo Global donated an inflatable boat to TSA India that has been instrumental in implementing crucial
turtle conservation projects across Northern India. PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 39 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The Turtle Survival Alliance/Wildlife Conserva-
tion Society (TSA/WCS) Team logged another
extremely productive year in Myanmar, scoring
impressive victories in our continuing effort to
save the country's beleaguered turtle fauna.
THE TSA/WCS TEAM TO THE RESCUE: TURTLE
RESCUE CENTER OPENED
For starters, the long awaited and much
needed Turtle Rescue Center (TRC) opened
in late 2012. The newly constructed facility is
ideally located in a forest reserve near Maymyo,
astride the Mandalay-Lashio Highway, a major
conduit for illegally trafficked turtles destined
for southern China's markets and butcher shops.
Until now, Myanmar had no designated facility
for turtles confiscated by police and Forest De-
partment officials. Consequently these animals
often were dumped at the Mandalay Zoo, which
had neither personnel nor resources to care for
sudden influxes of large numbers of turtles, many
needing urgent medical care.
The TRC opened on 6 December in a formal
ceremony attended by Rick Hudson, U Than
Myint (WCS Myanmar Program Coordinator),
the TSA/WCS Turtle Team, and a host of gov-
ernment officials. The TRC is a state-of-the-art
facility designed for immediate care of confis-
cated turtles. The spacious interior contains
examination tables and holding tanks. Outdoor
pens and tanks house rehabilitating turtles.
After appropriate quarantine periods,
rehabilitated turtles will either be repatriated
to suitable protected habitat, or in the case of
threatened and endangered species, moved into
existing assurance colonies. The TSA/WCS
team trained two Forest Department staff to run
the facility. Dr. U Tint Lwin, a Mandalay Zoo
veterinarian and Myanmar's foremost author-
ity on reptile medicine, is on stand-by to offer
emergency medical care.
The facility quickly proved its worth when 85
turtles, including three Arakan Forest Turtles
(Heosemys depressa) and four Impressed Tor-
toises (Manouria impressa), were confiscated in
June at a border checkpoint. Regrettably, one
Impressed Tortoise died of unknown causes
(these delicate tortoises are notoriously difficult
to maintain in captivity), but the Arakan Forest
Turtles are in good health and will join the as-
surance colony in Gwa (see below).
ASSURANCE COLONIES AT MAYMYO AND GWA
An assurance colony of Asian Brown Tor-
toises (Manouria emys phayrei) was also recently
established at the Maymyo TRC. The tortoises
were originally part of a larger group confiscated
from wildlife traffickers in 2007 and formerly
housed at the Mandalay Zoo and Lawkanandar
Wildlife Sanctuary (LWS). Both facilities are
located in the arid dry zone of central Myan-
mar where summer temperatures exceed 110F
(43C). This hot, dry climate was not to the liking
of these deep forest denizens, who spent their
time trying to keep cool and failed to reproduce.
In response, we dispersed the tortoises to new
assurance colonies in cooler climates.
Maymyo, given its location in the mountains
over-looking Mandalay, was an obvious first
choice for one of the assurance colonies. A large
enclosure with multiple internal pens was con-
structed in a wooded area adjacent to the TRC. In
mid-May we moved 30 tortoises into the facility.
Here, they'll benefit from the same cool weather
enjoyed by British civil servants in the Colonial
period when they founded Maymyo to escape the
TSA and WSC Join
Forces to Save
Myanmar's
Imperiled Turtles
K alyar Platt, Steven G. Platt, Me Me Soe,
Win Ko Ko, Khin Myo Myo, and Kyaw Moe
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MYANMAR
A group of Asian Brown Tortoises eagerly devour a tray of food after being transferred to the new assurance colony
in Gwa. The discolored carapace of the tortoise at the far left is likely the long-healed result of injuries sustained in a
past brush fire. PHOTO CREDIT: STEVEN G. PLATT
august 2013 40 turtle survival
Team, and Toyota hatchback arrived safely in
Yangon that evening. We temporarily lodged the
tortoises in our garage and quickly learned first-
hand how much feces an adult Brown Tortoise
generates in a single day! Over the weekend,
two more tortoises from the Yangon Zoo joined
the group. Five days and a small mountain of
feces later, the entire group arrived at their new
quarters in Gwa.
ARAKAN FOREST TURTLE SUCCESSES
Gwa is also home to our nascent assurance
colony of Arakan Forest Turtles, a poorly known
and critically endangered species endemic to the
Rakhine Hills. The colony was founded several
years ago when a handful of turtles were seized
from wildlife traffickers by the Forest Depart-
ment. In 2012, its ramshackle enclosure was
replaced in a major TSA/WCS sponsored facility
renovation. We also provided training on the care
of these rare and seldom-kept turtles. Since then
the staff has witnessed numerous matings, but no
blast-furnace summer heat of Mandalay.
We established a second assurance colony at
the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Sanctuary head-
quarters in Gwa, a coastal town nestled against
the base of the Rakhine (Arakan) Hills in south-
west Myanmar. The facility boasts four large,
heavily vegetated, and well-shaded paddocks,
each with a deep pool where tortoises can soak
in hot weather. The colony was stocked with 21
tortoises from the Mandalay Zoo and LWS.
Transporting the animals to Gwa proved
more difficult than expected. The combined
weight of 21 tortoises far exceeded our Toyota
hatchback's carrying capacity. It blew a tire less
than an hour into the nine-hour journey. After
some hurried negotiations with the driver of a
bus on which the Team was traveling, we loaded
half the tortoises into the cargo bay. Tortoises,
The recently opened Turtle Rescue Center near Maymyo. The building at center houses examination and treatment
areas for confiscated turtles, while outdoor pens (in foreground) are available to maintain turtles during the rehabilita-
tion process. PHOTO CREDIT: WIN KO KO
Unloading Burmese Mountain Tortoises into the new assurance colony facility at Maymyo. Located across the stream from
the new Turtle Rescue Center, this facility will accommodate ~30 adult tortoises in multiple groups. PHOTO CREDIT: WIN KO KO
The exam and treatment area at the new Turtle Rescue Cen-
ter near Maymyo. This Center was dedicated in December
2012. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON.
Khin Myo Myo (left) and Me Me Soe (right) distribute
educational material to village schoolchildren adjacent to
Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary. Educational programs
are being conducted prior to the release of captive-bred
Burmese Star Tortoises in the sanctuary. PHOTO CREDIT:
KALYAR PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 41 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
eggs appeared to have been laid. Then in late May,
as the dry season waned and the monsoon began,
five tiny just-hatched Arakan Forest Turtles
were found exploring the enclosure! These were
the first ever Arakan Forest Turtles successfully
propagated in Myanmar, and one of only a handful
of successful breeding attempts worldwide.
In November the Team ventured into the
southern Chin Hills of western Myanmar in
search of wild populations of Arakan Forest
Turtles. The Chin and Rakhine hills are part of
a contiguous mountain chain edging Myanmar's
western border. Because no obvious barriers to
dispersal exist, we long suspected H. depressa
distribution extended north into the Chin Hills,
but we lacked specimens to prove it. We espe-
cially wanted to know if the species occurred in
Kyauk Pan Taung National Park, a recently pro-
tected area. Despite escalating regional ethnic
tensions, the Team was granted permission to
enter Chin State and the "Long Walk" began. A
nearly month-long trek across steep terrain and
rain-swollen rivers was required to reach Kyauk
Pan Taung and return. It was worth it. Within
the first week our exertions were rewarded when
we obtained locally collected shells of H. depressa
at a remote Chin Village. These specimens
extend the distribution of H. depressa almost 150
miles (250 km) north from the nearest known
populations in central Rakhine State. More
importantly, we later verified H. depressa within
Kyauk Pan Taung National Park, one of only
two Myanmar protected areas known to harbor
the species. The Arakan Forest Turtle appears
relatively secure in the region for now. Extensive
tracts of forest and bamboo remain, and while
the indigenous Chin collect and eat turtles they
rarely hunt them, focusing instead on larger prey
such as wild pigs and deer.
BURMESE STAR TORTOISES PLANNED
REINTRODUCTION
Another exciting development this year
concerns our planned reintroduction of Bur-
mese Star Tortoises (Geochelone platynota) to
Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS). Once
common in arid central Myanmar, G. platynota
is considered "ecologically extinct" in the wild
due to rampant over-collecting in the late 1990s.
A Team assessment conducted in 2011 identified
MWS as the most promising of several proposed
release sites for captive-bred tortoises. MWS is
especially appealing because of the widely held
belief among area villagers that tortoises are un-
der the divine protection of Nats (Earth Spirits)
dwelling within the sanctuary. Anyone harming
a tortoise risks Nats retribution via sickness, mis-
fortune, or even death. These powerful beliefs
provide an umbrella of protection under which
reintroduction is more likely to succeed.
We plan to select captive-bred subadult
tortoises from the assurance colonies, place them
in holding pens for varied periods of time to
familiarize them with their surroundings, then
gradually release them over 18 months. Tortoises
selected for release will be "donated" to local
Buddhist monks and blessed before being placed
in holding pensa move that we see as vital to
protecting tortoises from poachers after release.
As a prelude to reintroduction, we convened
a National Star Tortoise Workshop at LWS in
September 2012. It was attended by Forest Depart-
ment staff from every protected area within the
geographic distribution of the Star Tortoise; by
veterinarians from Myanmar (Dr. U Tint Lwin)
and Thailand (Drs. Nantarika Chansue, and
Kwanta Charapum); by Mandalay and Yangon
zoo's curatorial personnel; and by the managers
of assurance colonies at Lawkanandar, Shwe Set-
taw, and Minzontaung wildlife sanctuaries. Both
ex-and in-situ conservation issues were addressed,
including an assessment of potentially surviving
wild populations, improving husbandry and veteri-
nary care in assurance colonies, and protocols for
reintroducing captive-bred tortoises into protected
areas. A workshop proceedings was compiled and
is being translated into Burmese for distribution to
participants and government officials.
In October 2012, the Team met with villagers
and community leaders in the rural hamlets sur-
rounding MWS to pave the way for the reintro-
duction. Shortly thereafter, the WCS Conservation
Education Team made follow-up visits to each vil-
lage and delivered presentations to schoolchildren
and adults. In February 2013, the Team returned
to the area, constructed "Star Tortoise Education
Centers" in village schools, and distributed educa-
tional materials. A cadre of Community Conserva-
tion Volunteers (CCV) was established to monitor
the reintroduction and report on poachers. CCV
are paid a nominal fee, report to MWS staff, and
submit monthly reports. Work has temporarily
ceased with the monsoon's onset, but holding pens
are slated for construction in September, followed
by health screens in October for tortoises selected
for release. This fall, after the "donation" cer-
emony by local monks, the tortoises will be moved
into the holding pens.
BURMESE ROOFED TURTLE BACK
FROM THE BRINK
The endemic Burmese Roofed Turtle
(Batagur trivittata), another critically endan-
gered species, continues to get much of our
attention. Once, when asked about his victory at
the Battle of Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington is
said to have replied, "it was a damned close run
thing!" The same can be said about our fight to
save the Burmese Roofed Turtle. With less than
20 females left in the wild, it continues to be, "a
damned close run thing". When the Burmese
Roofed Turtle was "rediscovered" by Gerald
Young Burmese Star Tortoises feeding at an assurance colony in Lawkanandar Wildlife Sanctuary. These animals
are destined for release as part of a project to restore wild populations of Star Tortoises at Minzontaung Wildlife
Sanctuary. PHOTO CREDIT: KALYAR PLATT
august 2013 42 turtle survival
Kuchling in 2002, it was tottering on the brink
of extinction. However, prospects for long-term
survival of this large river turtle get brighter
with every passing year owing to our on-going
conservation programs.
The first step taken to insure B. trivittata
survival was to found an assurance colony at the
Mandalay Zoo with eight adult turtles rescued
from pagoda ponds and fishermen. Next, a
beach monitoring and egg collection program
was initiated along the upper Chindwin River,
the last wild redoubt of this species. Under the
direction of project leader U Kyaw Moe, local
fishermen are hired yearly to monitor the few
known-nesting beaches for signs of activity. Eggs
deposited by females are collected and reburied
at a secure incubation area on a sandbank beside
the tiny riverside village of Limpha. Hatchlings
emerging about two months later are placed
in headstarting facilities at the Mandalay Zoo,
LWS, and Limpha Village, where they're reared
to a suitable release size. This program has been
highly successful, with B. trivittata numbers
steadily increasing each year. During the 2012-13
breeding season 74 eggs collected from the upper
Chindwin River successfully hatched, bringing
the number of Roofed Turtles in captivity to
over 600. Without these programs, the Burmese
Roofed Turtle would undoubtedly have followed
the dinosaurs into extinction.
Given the small number of founder indi-
viduals, the genetic diversity of the Burmese
Roofed Turtle assurance colony remains a major
concern. If the genetic make-up of the animals
in the colony were known, we could pair turtles
for breeding in such a way that heterozygos-
ity (genetic diversity) would be maximized in
future generations. Determining the paternity
and maternity of headstarted turtles would also
provide greater insight into the number of males
and females remaining in the Chindwin River.
Unfortunately, genetic analysis funding has been
unavailable. However, in an exciting new devel-
opment, Dr. David Bickford, a conservation ge-
neticist at Singapore National University (SNU),
agreed to conduct the analyses if we provide the
samples. The Team went quickly into action,
traveling up the Chindwin River to Limpha Vil-
lage in February, and collecting turtle tissue sam-
ples at the headstarting facility. In May the Team
was joined by Natalia Huang and Samuel Tay of
the Singapore Zoo, and Fatma Gzde Cilingir, a
graduate student from SNU. Tissue samples were
collected from every turtle in the Mandalay Zoo
and LWS. At the same time we collected mor-
phometric data to determine growth rates and to
verify that each turtle contained a microchip for
individual identification. Study results will allow
us to more effectively manage the existing cap-
tive population and craft conservation plans to
better protect the few remaining wild turtles.
Kalyar Platt, Turtle Survival Alliance, Building C-1, Aye
Yeik Mon 1st Street, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Union of
Myanmar.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to recognize the following donors
for their steadfast and generous support of the
TSA/WCS Myanmar Turtle Conservation Pro-
gram: Andrew Sabin and the Sabin Family Foun-
dation, Andrew Walde, Batchelor Foundation,
Beneficia Foundation, British Chelonia Group,
Brookfield Zoo, Detroit Zoological Institute,
Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund, Edith
McBean, Fagus Foundation, Los Angeles Zoo,
Natural Encounters, Patricia Koval and WWF
Canada, Toronto Zoo, Turtle Conservation Fund,
Wildlife Conservation Society, Woodland Park
Zoo, and Zoo Miami.
Collecting tissue samples for genetic analyses from critically endangered Burmese Roofed Turtles at the Mandalay
Zoo. From left to right: Kyaw Moe (WCS), Kalyar Platt (TSA), Samuel Tay (Singapore Zoo), Dr. U Tint Lwin (Mandalay
Zoo), and Steven G. Platt (WCS). PHOTO CREDIT: WIN KO KO
Four of the five Arakan Forest Turtles recently hatched at an assurance colony in Gwa emerge from a water bowl after a lengthy
soaking. Numbers painted on the shell permit identification of individuals for monitoring purposes. PHOTO CREDIT: S.G. PLATT.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 43 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the
Wildlife Reserves Singapore (WRS) jointly built
the first pond specifically designed for breeding
the Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis)
in Cambodia at the Angkor Centre for Biodiver-
sity (ACCB). WCS has been actively engaged in
the conservation of B. affinis, for over ten years
but has never had the opportunity to breed the
turtles in captivity. This situation changed in
late 2012 when an adult female B. affinis was
returned to Cambodia from Vietnam due to the
efforts of Doug Hendrie at Education for Nature
Vietnam and Sovannara Heng of the Fisheries
Administration of Cambodia.
WCS Cambodia had no suitable space for such
a large turtle. Fortunately, the ACCB (a project of
the Munster Zoo) made space available at their
facility. In a further stroke of luck a male B. affinis
was incidentally captured by a local fisherman and
relinquished to the WCS Cambodia turtle team.
This gave us the beginnings of the first breeding
group of B. affinis within Cambodia.
On 18 February 2013, David Manser from
Ponds & Plants and I travelled to Cambodia to
begin work on the new breeding pond. WCS
Cambodia's Greg Duplant, Dr. Marco Gasparotto
and David Ware of ACCB helped us with the
pond's construction, as well as a team of local
Khmer from the surrounding community.
The pond was designed with the eco-physiolo-
gy of the species in mind. It has three depths (1, 2,
& 3m) to allow for the turtles to thermo-regulate as
well as a shallow water biological filtration system
and deep water reservoir that will help maintain
cool water temperatures during the hot dry season.
Because the soil at ACCB is mostly sand that
rapidly drains, we imported a pond liner from the
US. This was another first for the region as pond
liners are not readily available.
We then capped the ponds edges to secure the
liner with plastic mesh and cement reinforced
with fine plastic fibers. The cement was applied
so that it would give an appearance of a muddy
riverbank. The water from the deep-water
reservoir was made to flow over a faux finished
rock waterfall, which David Manser hand carved
leaving a more natural appearance.
This breeding pond is a significant step in the
conservation of B. affinis within Cambodia. As the
last population in Indochina, it is hanging on by a
mere thread. Only 2-3 nests are found each year
within the Sre Ambel River System. We hope that
this pair of turtles will produce an additional 1-2
clutches per year and that their offspring can be
released into the wild in the coming years.
Brian Horne, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 South-
ern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10460. bhorne@wcs.org
A new breeding facility
for the Southern River
Terrapin in Cambodia
Brian D. Horne, WCS
Gregory Duplant (top), David Manser (right), and Brian
D. Horne (left) pose for a picture as the installation is
nearing completion. Behind the group is the deep-water
reservoir, from which water flows over the faux rock
waterfall. The waterfall was created to add aeration to
the system, important in maintaining water quality.
PHOTO CREDIT: DR. MARCO GASPAROTTO
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E S
CAMBODIA
Dr. Marco Gasparotto of ACCB is shown here releasing the female Batagur affinis into the new breeding pond. The
male and female B. affinis were released into the pond before increasing the water level as it was thought this would
lessen the stress of the transfer and prevent the turtles from trying to escape the pond during the initial release.
Since this photograph was taken, the water level has been increased and the turtles appear to be stress free. Evi-
dence of mating attempts (shallow claw marks on the female's shell) indicates a high probability of nesting next year.
In the background, the rainwater storage containers are visible. PHOTO CREDIT: DAVID WARE
David Manser (left) and Brian D. Horne (right) examining
the female Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis)
recently returned from Vietnam. PHOTO CREDIT: DR. MARCO
GASPAROTTO
august 2013 44 turtle survival
Past reports of Giant Red River or Yangtze Soft-
shell Turtles (Rafetus swinhoei) still roaming a
small stretch of China's Red River prompted us to
continue our efforts to catch and rescue the last
specimens for captive breeding in 2013.
The formerly turtle-friendly riverine habitat
of this area has been largely transformed into a
series of huge hydroelectric reservoirs managed
for electricity needs, with little environmental
consideration. As a result, water levels often
fluctuate dramatically, by several meters, within
days or even hours.
Rafetus and other softshell turtles typi-
cally bury themselves in sand or mud, so can be
trapped on drying sand banks or in shallow pools
when water levels drop. Local people are aware
of the turtles' predicament, and swarm to these
suddenly dry areas to search for buried animals
to eat. This is precisely how three or four years
ago a group of locals caught a 54kg Rafetus and
shared its meat.
Fluctuating water levels create challenges
for the trapping of remaining R. swinhoei. Traps
must be large and strong to capture big turtles,
making them difficult to transport and deploy.
Also, if water levels suddenly rise, it is impera-
tive that the traps float so turtles don't drown. To
meet these requirements, we designed and con-
structed collapsible cathedral traps with metal
frames and strong netting which can be lowered
to a depth of 3-4 meters.
Unfortunately, bureaucratic hurdles have
so far prevented us from deploying the traps.
Although the Chinese Forestry Department is
responsible for turtle conservation, permission
to set traps must be granted by the Fishery De-
partment, part of the Agricultural Department.
There are national, provincial, prefecture and
county levels of the respective departments, all
involved in regulation.
However, local people aren't breaking any law
or regulation when they catch, slaughter, and eat
R. swinhoei. The species isn't protected in China
due to longstanding confusion regarding the
identities of R. swinhoei and Pelochelys cantorii.
In contrast to Pelochelys cantorii however, Rafe-
tus swinhoei is still not listed on Schedule 1 of the
China Key List of protected animals.
Though progress is slow, we continue work-
ing with the bureaucracy to get our traps placed.
Gerald Kuchling, Chelonia Enterprises, 28 Tokay Lane,
The Vines, WA 6069, Australia Gerald.Kuchling@uwa.
edu.au; Rao Dingqi, Division of Herpetology, Kunming
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kun-
ming, Yunnan, The People's Republic of China 650223,
raodq@mail.kiz.ac.cn; Lu Shunqing, WCS China, Life
and Environment Sciences College, Huangshan Univer-
sity, No. 39, Xihai Road, Huangshan, Anhui Province, P.
R. China 245041, lusq@hsu.edu.cn
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Program financial support came from the
Turtle Conservation Fund (TCF) and Kadoorie
Farm and Botanic Garden.
In Search of
China's Last Giant
Softshell Turtles
(Rafetus swinhoei)
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
CHINA
Ger ald Kuchling, R ao Dingqi, and Lu Shunqing
Collapsible cathedral trap with a truck tire inner tube as a float at the Red River. The floating inner tube helps keep
the net funnel straight and at the water's surface, always providing captured turtles with access to air. PHOTO CREDIT:
GERALD KUCHLING
A fisherwoman identifies a turtle, of which she ate a
leg, three to four years ago, as Rafetus swinhoei. She
reported that the turtle provided as much meat as a
pig and tasted even better. She runs a fishing business
together with her younger brother and explained that
most people who occasionally see the remaining Rafetus
try to catch it. PHOTO CREDIT: GERALD KUCHLING
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 45 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
climate is equatorial, hot and humid, with an
average annual temperature of 25.5C (77.9F),
and 2000 mm of rain each year. Altitude varies
between 350 m and 530 m and the fauna consists
of diverse rainforest species, including many that
are endangered (Krunkelsven et al. 2000).
FIELD SURVEY RESULTS
The field survey covered portions of the
Salonga-Lukenie-Sankuru drainages (Figure 1)
in two transects, from latitude 0 13 23 longitude
19 31 33, to latitude 1 03 16 longitude 20 56 35; and
from latitude 1 14 25 longitude 20 21 50, to lati-
tude 2 06 58 longitude 21 05 44. The headwaters
of the Salonga River are in the Equator province
north of the Park. Tributaries flow into the main
Salonga River near the Watsikengo Station of
the Congolese Institute for Nature Conserva-
tion in Boende Territory. Fishing activities are
prohibited in the river, but still occur, as authori-
ties do not control access. The team travelled 45
km along the Yenge River and 655 km along the
Salonga-Lukenie-Sankuru drainages.
The Salonga and Luilaka rivers are similar,
with murky brown waters, an average width
of 45-60 m and depth of 3 to 11 m, depending
on location and season. Water flow is power-
ful, even during the dry season, and the bottom
is mud and detritus. The banks are lined with
forest, bushes and grasses. Occasional sandbars
appear during the dry season. Water tempera-
ture ranges from 23-25C (73.4-75F) and the
pH ranges from 4.1 to 5.5. This acidity is caused
by heat-dissolved humic substances, which
also tint the water brown. These humic acid
waters (given their ph) are less oxygen, 2.7 mg /
l, which confirms the allegations of Doumenge,
C., 1990. It seems, according to Matthes, the
percentage of humic substances (acids) in water
makes it extremely reductive release of iron
The Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC) covers 2,345,000
km and is the largest nation
in central Africa. The DRC lies
on the equator and has three
climate zones: equatorial, tropi-
cal and mountain. The north includes part of the
world's second largest rainforest, shared with six
other countries. To the west, the DRC borders
the Great East African Rift, with its mountains,
hills, great lakes and volcanoes. The southern
and central DRC is a savanna atop a plateau. In
the far west, at the mouth of the Congo River, is a
40 km coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
Deforestation for timber and mining for
mineral exports, largely by foreign companies,
are both causing serious ecological damage, with
a loss of biodiversitylosses exacerbated by an
escalating local bushmeat trade. In view of this
situation, several field trips were made between
April and August 2011 to the Salonga National
Park complex by a team directed by Tomas Di-
agne of TSA Africa. This park lies entirely within
the Central Congo Basin, between 100' and
330 'south latitude, and 200' and 2300' east
longitude, and covers the provinces of Equateur,
Bandundu, Kasai Oriental and Kasai Occidental.
The surveys were made to observe, measure and
describe tortoises and freshwater turtles in their
natural habitat, and to determine their status and
identify threats.
The Salonga National Park, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site, covers 36,000 km and is
the largest rainforest reserve in the world. The
Turtle and Tortoise
Surveys in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo
Tomas Diagne, Fidele Bandele Engalenzibo
and Mamba Mbusa K alisya
Translation by Lucy Keith Diagne
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
AFRICA
A close up head shot of the rarely seen Aubry's Flapshell Turtle (Cycloderma aubryi). PHOTO CREDIT: JOHN HART
Flooded forest habitat is the preferred foraging habitat
of Cycloderma aubryi. At Salonga National Park, DRC.
PHOTO CREDIT: TOMAS DIAGNE
august 2013 46 turtle survival
CONCLUSION
This inventory of chelonians in the Congo
Basin is preliminary and survey work should be
continued in this vast country. However, studies
of turtles in this fragile ecological complex are
rare, and we hope that this survey will provide
a baseline for future researchers. Irresponsible
hunting and fishing were very common in our
study areas and the overexploitation of wildlife
for bushmeat is of great concern. Enforcement of
currently lax park regulations would help guar-
antee responsible fishing and hunting to preserve
this ecosystem.
oxides that absorb a significant portion of the
dissolved oxygen.
The Yenge River is smaller than the Salonga
and Luilaka, but similar. The major difference
is width: the larger rivers rarely exceed a 200 m
width, but the Yenge flood zone can extend to
400 m in places.
Turtle Species Identified
A total of 479 individuals from eight species
of turtles (seven freshwater species and one tor-
toise species), were identified in the study areas
(Table 1). Of these, two species (Pelusios nanus
and P. chapini) were not seen by the investiga-
tors, but were accurately described by fishermen
during interviews. Of these specimens, 440 were
found in the field and 39 were found in markets.
Most of the species were relatively common in
the study area, except for the two species noted
only in fishermen's accounts.
Local Community Supports
Conservation at Lac de
Guiers, Senegal
TSA Africa announces good news for the
Adanson's Mud Terrapin (Pelusios adan-
soni) conservation program at the Tocc
Tocc Community Nature Reserve on Lac de
Guiers in north Senegal. The projectrun
by the African Chelonian Institute with help
from the TSA and other partnerstried
but failed to engage local people in turtle
conservation at the Reserve for ten years.
Now the four largest villages in the local
community have reached a collective agree-
ment prohibiting turtle consumption. The
villagesincluding major stakeholders such
as farmers, fishermen, and cattle ranch-
ersmet and pledged to obey Reserve
conservation rules. The July meeting was
also attended by local officials and repre-
sentatives from Senegal's National Parks
Service and Water and Forestry Department.
A local Eco-guards team has been trained
and outfitted with surveillance equipment, to
ensure enforcement. Local turtle consump-
tion has already fallen to almost zero. The
Tocc Tocc Community Nature Reserve was
created to protect key foraging and nesting
habitats for P. adansoni and other wildlife.
Contact: Tomas Diagne, African Chelonian Institute &
TSA Africa, africanci@gmail.com or fondsdev@yahoo.fr
REFERENCES
D'Huart, JP., 1988. Parc National de la Salonga (Equateur, Zare): Conservation et Gestion, Dveloppement des Collectivits
Locales. Report to IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 64 p.
Doumenge, C., 1990. La Conservation des Ecosystmes Forestiers du Zare. IUCN/EEC, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
Draulens, D. and Van Krunkelsven, E. (2002). The impact of war on forest areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx. 36
(1): 35-40. IUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d'une Mission au Zare et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
SPECIES
NUMBER & AREA WHERE FOUND
1. Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise, Kinixys erosa
22 specimens found in two bush meat markets; plus empty
shells in several villages near Goma
2. Aubry's Flapshell Turtle, Cycloderma aubryii
145 specimens found in several surveys trips of the Luilaka
River;6 specimens in a bushmeat market near Goma
3. Nile Softshell Turtle, Trionyx triunguis
42 specimens found in several trips on the Yenge River
4. African Dwarf Mud Turtle, Pelusios nanus*
turtle species not captured but described by fishermen on the
Salonga River
5. West African Black Turtle, Pelusios niger
99 specimens in the Salonga and Luilaka Rivers
6. West African Mud Turtle, Pelusios castaneus
102 specimens in the Salonga and Luilaka Rivers;
11 specimens in a bushmeat market at Kinshasa
7. African Forest Mud Turtle, Pelusios gabonensis
52 specimens in the Salonga and Luilaka Rivers
8. Central African Mud Turtle, Pelusios chapini*
turtle species not captured but described by fishermen
on the Salonga River
Table 1. Turtle species found during the study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks go to His Excellency Jose EB
Endundo, Congolese Minister of the Environ-
ment, Nature Conservation and Tourism who
allowed this work, and to the Turtle Survival
Alliance, and Nature and Discoveries Foundation
(France) for funding this study.
Close head view of Aubry's Flapshell Turtle (Cycloderma aubryi) in natural habitat at Salonga River. This species
inhabits waters with high tanin content from decaying vegetation. PHOTO CREDIT: TOMAS DIAGNE
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 47 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The Central American River Turtle (Dermatemys
mawii) is a large river dwelling species histori-
cally found in the coastal lowlands of southern
Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Known
locally as the Hicatee, it has been intensely har-
vested for its meat and eliminated from much of
its former range in southern Mexico. Its status in
Guatemala remains unclear.
The lone surviving representative of the
family Dermatemydidae, D. mawii is a unique
evolutionary lineage. Classified as Critically
Endangered by the IUCN Red List, it was ranked
15th in the 2011 Turtle Conservation Coalition
report Turtles in Trouble: The World's 25 Most
Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles.
Urgent conservation measures are needed to
restore depleted wild populations. Captive man-
agement has been recommended, but Hicatee
have proven difficult to reproduce due to their se-
cretive nesting habits and because eggs undergo
embryonic diapause and delayed development.
To save the species, these reproductive chal-
lenges must be met in a controlled setting and
through a local initiative. With that goal in mind,
the Turtle Survival Alliance partnered more than
two years ago with the Belize Foundation for Re-
search and Environmental Education (BFREE), a
biological field station in southern Belize. In 2011,
the partnership began building the Hicatee Con-
servation and Research Center (HCRC). Initial
work focused on constructing clay-lined ponds fed
by a freshwater well and a solar powered pumping
system. Breeding ponds were designed to permit
manipulation of environmental variables to help
determine egg-laying cues.
The project utilized heavy machinery, wheel-
barrows and sweat equity to move large amounts
of clay onsite. The clay lining process often takes
time to seal and stabilize. Unfortunately, a year
and a half after installation, the ponds still leaked
and failed to hold sufficient water, stalling the
HCRC effort.
Local Belize Businesses
Step Up To Support
Hicatee Conservation
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
BELIZE
One of the two breeding ponds is now holding water, thanks to the artificial liners. Note the 4-inch PVC vertical pond drain which can be swung manually to adjust pond levels to
the desired depth. Cohune thatch palm leaves have been placed around the perimeter of the ponds to mitigate any erosion that might take place during the coming rainy season
and until natural vegetation takes hold. PHOTO CREDIT: WILLIAM GARCIA
Jacob Marlin
august 2013 48 turtle survival
In March 2013 as the dry season began, TSA
and BFREE agreed that the clay pond lining was
not viable and that artificial pond liners were
the solution. The effort to procure, transport
and install these liners was conducted with
some urgency: the work had to be complete
before the rainy season began. From mid-May
to February, a time when 140 inches of rain can
fall, the six-mile-long dirt HCRC access road
that fords the Bladen River is mostly impass-
able, making movement of supplies and equip-
ment impossible.
With only a two-month dry weather window
still available in 2013, BFREE staff set to work.
Jacob Marlin sought out heavy-duty liners. U.S.
purchasing and shipping proved cost-prohibitive,
so staff searched for in-country options. BFREE
cacao farm manager Elmer Tzalam recommend-
ed Belize Aquaculture Limited (BAL), a local
shrimp farm, as a possible source.
BAL representatives were enthusiastic
about helping with the project. "BAL believes
in sustainable and responsible shrimp farming,
and we are devoted to positively impacting our
surrounding social and natural environment,"
said Isabelle Gayot, BAL's Environmental and
Human Resources Manager. "We are proud to
contribute to Belize natural resource preserva-
tion and to assist the Hicatee Conservation and
Research Center."
BAL quickly identified a shrimp pond where
plastic liners weren't necessary. They put a crew
to work removing the liners and repurposing
them for the HCRC ponds. BAL also volunteered
staff and tools to do the installation. However,
they didn't have a transport vehicle. Maya King
Ltd., one of the largest agricultural businesses
in Belize and a long-time BFREE friend, stepped
forward with a truck.
Two BAL workmen arrived at BFREE with
installation equipment and tools, including a hot
air welding gun to join the pieces of plastic liner.
The installation took just five days and five staff
three from BFREE and two from BAL.
Liner installation preparation included
removal of the Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus
moreletii), four Bocatora Turtles (Trachemys
scripta), and two Furrowed Wood Turtles
(Rhinoclemys areolata), from the ponds. These
reptiles were moved to other parts of the field
station.
The existing ponds were drained and bull-
dozed deeper and wider by staff from Thomas
Gomez and Sons Sawmillanother local BFREE
supporter. BFREE staff led by Marcelino Pop
smoothed the pond bottoms and dug pond drains
with hand tools. Staff also installed a ten-foot-tall
fence to keep natural predatorssuch as jaguars
and ocelotsout, and turtles in.
With the arrival of this year's rainy season
work continued, including completion of the
electrified perimeter fence, and the building of
artificial nesting areas and small floating islands
to provide shade for thermal regulation.
Early in 2014 when the rainy season subsides,
stock will be acquired, likely making the HCRC
fully operational by summer. This will allow the
facility to study the Hicatee under semi-natural
conditions, hopefully unlocking the reproduc-
tive mysteries that have prevented past captive
production.
Ultimately, the Hicatee's survival depends on
local cooperation. The tremendous outpouring of
local support in 2013 in the creation of the HCRC
ponds bodes well for this critically endangered
river turtle.
Jacob A. Marlin, Executive Director, Belize Foundation
for Research and Environmental Education, U.S. Mailing
address: 4320 W University Ave Gainesville, Florida
32607, jmarlin@bfreebz.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank Belize Aquaculture LTD,
Maya King LTD, Mohamed Bin Zayed Species
Conservation Fund, Thomas Gomez and Sons
LTD, the Chesapeake AAZK Chapter, Bill Denn-
ler, and the hardworking staff of BFREE.
One of the breeding ponds just after liner installation
and before being filled with water. Note the uprights of
the perimeter fencing under construction in the back.
PHOTO CREDIT: JACOB MARLIN
The layout of the HCRC includes two breeding ponds, one biofiltration/food rearing pond, solar panels, pumphouse,
and a perimeter fence. DIAGRAM BY: JACOB MARLIN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 49 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
The Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) is
ranked Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red
List, and listed in The World's 25 Most Endan-
gered Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises (Turtle
Conservation Coalition, 2011). It has suffered
sharp declines in Indonesia and in serious need
of management actions and local awareness ef-
forts to protect this species.
In 2009 and 2010, the TSA supported surveys
in the Aceh Tamiang District, where the species
faces intensive threats. Villagers, unaware that
B. borneoensis is critically endangered or that
its conservation is a national priority, harvested
thousands of eggs in the 1990s. Between the
1990s and early 2000s, thousands of adult ter-
rapins were collected as food and pets for local
markets, and hundreds of hectares of mangrove
forestprime B. borneoensis habitatwere con-
verted to palm oil production.
There are three main B. borneoensis nesting
beaches in the Aceh Tamiang District: Pusong
Cium, Kuala Genting, and Ujung Tamianglo-
cated in the Seruway Mangrove Reserves of the
sub-districts of Seruway and Bendahara. All three
beaches are remote, hours away by motorboat
from the nearest villages. We collect eggs on one
beach, but rely on egg purchases from fishermen at
the other two. Fishermen are trained to excavate
nests and to move the eggs into foam boxes filled
with sand for transfer to our rearing facility.
In 2010, we hatched 59 B. borneoensis and
released them after two weeks. The hatchlings
were not headstarted because a facility was then
lacking. This was remedied in 2011 when TSA es-
tablished a headstarting pond. The 2011 nesting
season was a disappointment. All eggs failed to
hatch due to infertility and egg-handling errors
by fishermen.
In the last nesting seasonDecember 2012 to
January 2013we secured and reared 190 eggs, of
which 81 hatched between 15 March and 2 April
2013 (with an 85 to 108 day incubation period).
Offspring were kept in sand boxes for a week then
moved to rearing ponds. Release of marked terra-
pins is planned after six months growth and shell
hardening to minimize predation. Offspring were
fed on Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica), shrimp, and
Berembang (Sonneratiasp) fruits. After the first
month, average growth increase was 16 percent.
On 4 May, average measurements were: 49 gram
weight; 6,2 cm length; 5,8 cm width. Previous
average measurements on 30 March were: 41
gram weight; 5,4 cm length; 5,1 cm width. We are
steadily improving the rearing facility, adding a
small building to house visiting students study-
ing the Painted Terrapin and other species. We
trained more than 600 students between 2011 and
2012. Our goal is to increase awareness of Painted
Terrapin conservation among students and local
villagers. We are promoting habitat reforestation
where B. borneoensis is abundant through replant-
ing of mangroves such as Rhizopora sp., Sonneratia
sp., and Avicennia sp. Nesting patrols and captive
breeding continue. We hope to rear and release at
least 600 hatchlings into the wild between 2013
and 2017.
Joko Guntoro, Yayasan Satucita Lestari Indonesia, Desa
Sidodadi, Kejuruan Muda, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia,
24477, jokoguntoro@gmail.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully thank the Turtle Survival Al-
liance, PT Pertamina, EP Field Rantau, and the
Turtle Conservation Fund who supported the
2012 survey, and the Keidanren Nature Conser-
vation Fund who supported the campaign for
students in 2011-2012.
Conserving Indonesia's
Painted Terrapin
Joko Guntoro
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
INDONESIA
The offspring of B. borneoensis just emerged from eggs into a sand box. PHOTO CREDIT: JOKO GUNTORO
Joko Guntoro collects morphometric data (measuring carapace, plastron, etc.). He is helped by Agung Perdana
Putra, a young volunteer who logs the data into a computer. PHOTO CREDIT: YUSRIONO
august 2013 50 turtle survival
The TSA/WCS Turtle Conservation Program in
Colombia was quite productive in its first year.
The programwhile still seeking financial sup-
portmade fast progress in capacity building,
endangered/rare species monitoring, and devel-
opment of turtle conservation partnerships. It
also offered support to the conservation program
of the Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis
lewyana) in the Sin River. Most importantly, the
program is working to elevate turtle conserva-
tion to being a Colombian national priority.
CONSERVATION OF THE
MAGDALENA RIVER TURTLE
The IUCN red list ranks P. lewyana as
critically endangered, and it is included in
The World's 25 Most Endangered Tortoises and
Freshwater Turtles 2011. That's why the great-
est achievement in the first year of the TSA/
WCS Colombia program was the signing of an
agreement between Urr Electric Industry (UEI)
and the Regional Environmental Authority of
the Sin River (CVS) to collaborate in a recovery
program for the Magdalena River Turtle in the
Sin River.
The species experiences very high egg mor-
tality in this river basin due to hydroelectric dam
water releases, which flood nesting beaches. To
reduce this loss, biologist Natalia Gallego, with
support from Conservation International and the
CVS, created a community-based conservation
program some years ago to rescue nests from
flood-prone beaches and provide artificial nest-
ing banks. This remarkable project won Natalia
the student award for best presentation at the
9th Annual Symposium on the Conservation and
Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in
Orlando. The new Urr/CVS agreement helps
continue this important species preservation
effort by offering logistic and financial support,
while strengthening the technical research and
monitoring component.
First off, a workshop was conducted to develop
a species management plan, identify and prioritize
threats, determine required conservation actions,
and design rigorous project evaluation methods.
The workshop "A Management and Conserva-
tion Plan for the River Turtle in the Sin River"
was held 16 18 July 2013, and was sponsored by
the institutions involved in the agreement, plus
Conservation International. Participants included
local universities and NGO's and the communities
of Cao Viejo and Cotoc Arribaboth involved
in the nest protection program. A major workshop
outcome was a consensus agreement that nesting
beach flooding is the primary threat to Sin river
turtles. Urr has made significant efforts to reduce
extreme water level fluctuations during nesting
season, but it was agreed that management actions
are still needed to increase nest survivorship.
Goals include expanding nesting beach protec-
tion, and extension of the nest rescue program to
other beaches. Improved communication between
the dam and the nest rescue team will result in
better timing and coordinated actions. Other
proposed measures include protection of nesting
beaches from cattle, environmental education
programs, and alternative productive activities
for consumer communities. Although there is still
much to do, the willingness of Urr to compensate
for their impact, and to commit to the conserva-
tion program, bodes well for the recovery of this
species in the Sinu River.
A highlight of the workshop came on
day three when TSA President Rick Hudson
presented a new fiberglass boat and outboard
motor to the project during a celebration in the
community of Cao Viejo. This boat will allow
nest protection and monitoring to expand over a
much larger area, and replaces the dugout canoe
that has been used by the project for years.
CAPACITY BUILDING AND EDUCATION
A major program goal is to expand the capacity
for turtle conservation work in Colombia. To help
meet that objective, TSA/WCS supported a gradu-
TSA/WCS Colombia
Program Focuses
on Endemic
Species Protection
German Forero-Medina and Rick Hudson
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
COLOMBIA
Armando and Alberto Viga, leaders of the Cao Viejo community, with the new boat presented by TSA. The boat will
greatly expand the range of nest protection and monitoring activities of the project. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 51 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
ate course in natural history and the conservation
of freshwater turtles and tortoises offered by the
Universidad del Valle, in Cali, from 29 Septem-
ber to 8 October 2013. Eighteen students from
Colombia and one from Ecuador participated in
the course, which hosted a field trip to Isla Palma
in the Pacific to practice field techniques and
develop small research projects with the island's
turtle species. Course faculty included professors
Dr. Alan Giraldo (Universidad del Valle), Dr. John
L. Carr (University of Louisiana), Dr. Vivian Paez
(Universidad de Antioquia), Carlos Galvis (Cali
Zoo), Mario F. Garcs (Universidad del Valle), and
TSA/WCS Colombia Program Coordinator Dr.
German Forero-Medina. This was an outstanding
opportunity to teach students about turtle con-
servation, and laid the groundwork for a student
communication network for future research.
TSA/WCS, along with the Asociacin Colom-
biana de Herpetologa and the Cali Zoo, also or-
ganized a workshop to share turtle conservation
education success stories in Colombia. More than
30 researchers and conservationists involved
in turtle work shared their projects, methods,
and developed a set of recommendations for
implementing turtle conservation environmental
education programs. These recommendations
and the network created during the workshop
will be most useful for practitioners.
Additionally, the TSA/WCS Colombia
program is supporting undergraduate students
working with turtles and local communities to
improve knowledge of rare species and their
uses. In Choc department, students are evaluat-
ing the use of turtle species by local and indig-
enous communities, while conducting workshops
to discuss turtle diversity and conservation with
local leaders and schoolchildren.
ENDANGERED AND RARE SPECIES MONITORING
Colombia harbors some of South America's
most threatened and rare chelonians, including the
Magdalena River Turtle, South American Giant
River Turtle (P. expansa), Dahl's Toad-Headed
Turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli), and Dunn's Mud
Turtle (Kinosternon dunni). The TSA/WCS team
is supporting population monitoring of Dahl's
Toad-Headed Turtle in Cesar state, in collaboration
with the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales from the
Universidad Nacional de Colombia. This year the
project received a $27,000 grant from the People's
Trust for Endangered Species to estimate popula-
tion abundance throughout the species range and
to begin implementing habitat restoration.
Dunn's Mud Turtle is one of the least known
mud turtle species worldwide, and one of three
Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana). PHOTO CREDIT: NATALIA GALLEGO
endemic species in Colombia. TSA/WCS is sup-
porting Dunn's Mud Turtle baseline research to
understand its distribution, ecology, threats, and
conservation needs. This project involves stu-
dents and researchers from the local university,
Universidad Tecnolgica del Choc.
The TSA/WCS program is also conducting
research to aid in future conservation decisions.
We are mapping the ranges of the nation's 27
turtle species and conducting gap analysis to
identify species currently protected/unprotected
by the National Parks System. Partial funding
has also been secured for a management practic-
es workshop for the South American Giant River
Turtle, which will bring together practitioners
working with the species to develop a regional
monitoring program.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Wildlife Conservation Society,
Natural Encounters, Fagus Foundation, People's
Trust for Endangered Species, British Chelonia
Group, Mohammed bin Zayed Species Conserva-
tion Fund and Bill Dennler for program support.
Participants of the course "Natural History and Conservation of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises" held in Cali, Colombia,
September-October 2012. PHOTO CREDIT: TSA COLOMBIA
august 2013 52 turtle survival
In October 2012 the TSA, in collaboration with
the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), was
awarded a major SOS - Save Our Species grant
for conserving Asian River Turtles. The grant of
$151,866, spread over two years, will implement a
regional model to conserve large River Terrapins
of the genus Batagur in South and Southeast Asia.
It represents the largest single grant in the
eleven year history of the TSA, and provides
funding at a critical time to three programs:
TSA's Chambal River program for Painted Roof
Terrapins (B. kachuga) in India; the TSA/Zoo
Vienna program for the Northern River Terrapin
(B. baska) in Bangladesh; and WCS's recovery
F E AT U R E
Some of the 2012 hatched B. baska, showing exceptional growth rates. PHOTO CREDIT: AGJ MORSHED
program for Southern River Terrapins (Batagur
affinis) in Cambodia.
SOS is a global coalition initiated by three
founding partnersIUCN, Global Environment
Facility and World Bankwith the goal of build-
ing the largest species conservation fund to sup-
port on-the-ground field conservation projects
worldwide.
RIVER TERRAPINS AT RISK
River Terrapins were once abundant in the
SOS Batagur:
Help is on the Way!
Rick Hudson
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 53 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
WCS and TSA: A Model Partnership
Future issues of Turtle Survival will champion the TSA's partnerships worldwide.
This year we start by paying tribute to our most important strategic partner: WCS.
The remote upper reaches of the Chindwin River in Myanmar may seem like an unlikely scene
for a marriage, but it was here that the vital turtle conservation partnership between the TSA
and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) began. In 2005, with the discovery of a remnant wild
population of the Burmese Roofed Turtle, a species long thought extinct, TSA and WCS to-
gether launched what many now consider a model conservation program for large river turtles.
Today the working relationship and strategic alliance between TSA and WCS has grown
beyond Myanmar to include turtle conservation projects in China and Colombia. Over the
years, the WCS/TSA alliance has responded effectively to critical conservation challenges
by utilizing the collective strengths of both organizations. WCS has an extensive network
of program offices in key turtle diversity hotspots around the globe, staffed with experts
ranging from field and conservation biologists to GIS mapping gurus and accountants.
Partnering with WCS allows the TSA to utilize existing national agreements and long-
standing relationships with governments in host countries, and provides a mechanism for
administering funding. Over the years WCS's range country staff have been instrumental in
facilitating TSA's goals, whether it be facility construction or organizing workshops. For its
part, the TSA brought expertise in turtle captive management and handling trade seizures
to the equation, along with fundraising ability.
Other partnership benefits include the drafting of Memorandums of Understands (MOUs);
making mutual travel and visa arrangements; sharing office space, accounting and transla-
tion services; getting permission to travel in restricted areas; and making introductions to
key government personnel.
Nowhere is this partnership better exemplified than in the Myanmar Turtle Conservation
Program. Considered a model for systematically addressing the conservation priorities of a
country's chelonian fauna, the program owes much of its success to the dynamic hus-
band and wife team of Steven and Kalyar Platt, working jointly for WCS and TSA respec-
tively. In what is recognized as one of the world's most successful ongoing turtle recovery
programs, the TSA/WCS partnership has brought the Burmese Roof Turtle back from the
brink of extinction to a captive population that now exceeds 600 turtles.
Working with the Myanmar Department of Forestry, multiple assurance colonies have also
been established for endemics like the Arakan Forest Turtle and Burmese Star Tortoise.
The Burmese Star Tortoise breeding programs have been so successful that preparations
are underway to reintroduce tortoises to a protected area in 2014.
One of the most memorable moments of the partnership came in 2007 when a joint TSA/
WCS team handled the rescue of 76 Burmese Mountain Tortoises in Mandalay. Today those
sturdy tortoises survive and are distributed among four assurance colonies in Myanmar.
Other examples of mutual success include Gerald Kuchling's TSA-supported effort to
breed Rafetus at the Suzhou Zoo, facilitated by Lu Shunqing and WCS's China Program
office in Beijing. Starting in 2008, the WCS provided critical logistical support to these
ground-breaking attempts to save the world's most endangered turtle.
Finally, in 2012, the TSA joined with WCS's Colombia Program to initiate a comprehensive
turtle conservation program there, hiring German Forero to spearhead the new initiative.
Partnerships have always been one of TSA's core strengths; in fact, we were founded as a
partnership initiative. We highly value our many allies worldwide with whom we work side-
by-side to save turtles.
major river systems of South and Southeast Asia,
from the Mekong to the Ganges, but human
activities now threaten the survival of these
large turtles. Five of the six species in the genus
Batagur are ranked Critically Endangered by the
IUCN Red List and face imminent extinction un-
less threats are reduced.
Batagur eggs are widely gathered for domes-
tic consumption, a harvest made easier because
females congregate yearly at about the same time
to deposit eggs at known beaches and sandbars.
Large adults are also harvested for food, with
nesting femalescritical for sustaining popula-
tionsmaking up most of the catch. Females are
easy prey when emerging to lay eggs. Batagur are
also harvested as a fishing by-product or acciden-
tally drown in fishing nets. Rampant commercial
harvest of adult and juvenile turtles for food
markets in Asia has decimated some popula-
tions. These threats, some chronic, resulted in
inclusion of five species in the 2011 report Turtles
in Trouble: The World's 25+ Most Endangered
Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles, by the Turtle
Conservation Coalition.
The Painted Roof Turtle, B. kachuga, is one of three
Batagur species that will benefit from SOS funding. This
is a male in full breeding color. PHOTO CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
august 2013 54 turtle survival
The TSA and WCS have spearheaded Batagur
conservation in South and Southeast Asia since
2003, and together have developed a highly
effective model for conservation that utilizes in-
situ and ex-situ methodologies to arrest declines
and increase populations. Without our conserva-
tion actions, it is highly probable that the Bur-
mese Roof Turtle (B. trivittata) would already
be extinct and numbers for other species would
be significantly lower than at present. SOS fund-
ing provides a means to reverse the downward
population trajectories of Batagur by allowing
us to continue developing and implementing our
already highly effective conservation project
models. Without continued aggressive conserva-
tion intervention, there is no doubt that many
Batagur populations would face extinction
within the next ten years.
SOS PROJECT ACTIVITIES
The best "points of access" to helping Batagur
populations are the nesting beaches critical to
sustaining populations and ensuring the next
generation. The annual emergence of females to
lay eggs on well-known and often historic nest-
ing beaches is the most vulnerable stage of their
annual life cycle, and it is here where protec-
tive conservation measures have proven most
Rupali Ghosh happily displays the two wild-caught hatchling B. baska from June 2013, conclusive evidence this
species is still reproducing in the wild. PHOTO CREDIT: AGJ MORSHED
effective. Our SOS program will focus on nesting
beaches, using tried and tested conservation
techniquesguarding females, protecting eggs
and often moving them to safe incubation areas,
and collecting hatchlings as they emerge. In the
National Chambal River Sanctuary in India,
thousands of Batagur kachuga and Batagur dhon-
goka nests are saved annually by moving them to
protected hatcheries where eggs are safe from
jackal predation. An estimated 80 percent of
those nests would be lost without this program.
Instead, tens of thousands of healthy hatchling
Batagur are released into the river each year.
Raising hatchlings in captivity until they
are large enough to avoid predationknown as
headstartingis used successfully in Batagur
conservation programs in India, Myanmar, and
Cambodia. However, in the case of the Sunder-
bans River Terrapin (Batagur baska) no active
nesting beaches are known in India or Bangla-
desh, so we rely instead on captive breeding
within assurance colonies to restore populations.
Assurance colonies guarantee a species' survival
until protected habitat can be identified for rein-
troduction. Most Batagur species are considered
conservation dependent, meaning their popula-
tions will not persist without these intensive re-
covery efforts. By ensuring survival of both eggs
and hatchlings, and protecting nesting females at
this extremely vulnerable stage of their life cycle,
the SOS project will assure the next generation of
river terrapins.
Project activities covered by this grant in
Bangladesh include the construction of new B.
baska breeding facilities to maximize genetic
management and potential of the small founder
groups; acquisition of new specimens for the
captive program; field surveys to locate active
nesting beaches and extant wild populations; and
searches for potential release sites. In India the
B. baska breeding facility will be improved; the
riverside hatchery and headstarting program for
B. kachuga will be expanded; and turtles will be
released and monitored for survival. Field sur-
veys to verify new wild populations of B. kachuga
outside the Chambal will get underway; and a
second population will hopefully be established
using headstarted turtles. In Cambodia, the
remnant wild population of B. affinis on the Sre
Ambel River will be supplemented with head-
started offspring; efforts to improve protection
of known nesting sites will be ramped up; and
new breeding and headstarting facilities will be
completed.
Rick Hudson, TSA President, rhudson@fortworthzoo.org
ILLUSTRATIONS
BY STEPHEN NASH,
CONSERVATION
INTERNATIONAL
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 55 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
You are involved in some innovative research;
can you describe what you are working on?
We're studying acoustic communication in
aquatic turtles. Using hydrophones, we've dem-
onstrated that late term embryos of Podocnemis
expansa are communicating to stimulate simul-
taneous hatching and communal digging out of
the nest. Furthermore, we've found that females
are communicating underwater to hatchlings,
presumably to aid in long distance migration. So
far, we've documented acoustic communication
in ten aquatic turtle species. Most likely, all turtle
species emit sounds to some extent to commu-
nicate with conspecifics. This phenomenon has
been overlooked because the sounds are at the
low end of the frequency of human hearing, short
in duration, and low in volume. It's very exciting
to know that turtles have been exchanging infor-
mation in our presence all along; only now are we
documenting what they're saying.
These findings are transforming the way
we look at turtles; can you elaborate on the
possibilities here?
Acoustic social behavior in turtles is the most
exciting development in turtle biology since the
discovery of temperature controlled sex deter-
mination in the 1970s, which changed the way
people thought about turtle population biology
and conservation programs. The fact that turtles
are now shown to be far more social than anyone
I N T E R V I E W
Camila Ferrara recording hatchlings on the beach and in the river. PHOTO CREDIT: CEQUA-RICHARD C. VOGT
dreamed, will change the way people study
turtles and the way conservation and manage-
ment programs are developed. Sound pollution is
an obvious example of an important new factor
that must be considered in future turtle conser-
vation programs. We don't know how motorboat
or dredging operation sound interference may
affect turtles' abilities to communicate. Is it pos-
sible that sounds produced by ATVs driven across
nesting beaches may cause premature hatching?
Or perhaps even loud Cumbia music played on
the beach may effect a hatching.
Turtles must find mates; until now we
thought they merely bumped into each other,
or maybe that pheromones played a role, as
evidenced by a tortoise attempting to copulate
with a head of lettuce walked over by a female.
Clearly, acoustic and olfactory senses develop
differently amongst turtle species. We know
that P. expansa are very social, emitting sounds
to group together for migration, to come out of
the water and bask communally, and to leave
the water and nest in groups. They might also be
emitting sounds continually as they migrate to
maintain pod structure, as ducks do when they
fly in V formation or as red-winged blackbirds
do in their massive spring and fall migrations.
Do turtles give warning calls? Are there group
leaders? Is there vigilance on beaches while
their sisters nest? Turtles must no longer be
considered animated rocks with legs; they have
an intricate social life that we are just beginning
to unravel.
This field is ripe for further research.
What are some areas you would like to
see investigated?
It's unlikely that individual females identify
their young or vice versa, but it is rather a
genetic group bonding effort. We need to know
the genetic nature of these pods, are these fam-
ily groups? Are the females that migrate with
hatchlings from the nesting beaches sisters?
Are these relationships maintained through
the year? Do turtles go in and out of groups?
Communication in Aquatic
Turtles: An Interview with
Dick Vogt and Camila Ferrara
Podocnemis expansa being released with satellite and
vhf transmitters. PHOTO CREDIT: CEQUA-RICHARD C. VOGT
august 2013 56 turtle survival
What happens when you release a turtle of the
same species from a different river system near
the group? Does it join the group or try to find
its way home? We need to conduct underwa-
ter playback experiments to understand the
function of emitted sounds. Can we call turtles
in to nest on the nesting beach of our choice?
Can we use surrogate mothers when releasing
headstarted turtles so that these nave turtles
can get to foraging grounds? What do the
structures of these sounds look like in mixed
species assemblages of turtles, where we may
have 10 or more species in the same river?
Can we use hydrophones to census turtles in
streams, rivers, and lakes? On the Mississippi
River in Wisconsin, three species of Graptemys
hibernate together behind specific wing dams;
why these wing dams and not others? These
same species migrate 8-12 km to nest on the
same beaches together year after year; is there
interspecies communication? We need to collect
data over a broad taxonomic scale to understand
the level of communication among diverse taxo-
nomic groups and the diversity of the acoustic
repertoire. Are there universal sounds of similar
wavelength and structure used by all turtles?
The fact that female and hatchling South Amer-
ican Giant River Turtles are vocalizing, and
that there is strong evidence that female turtles
wait offshore for hatchlings to enter the water,
has enormous implications for how we plan and
execute headstart and release programs. Can
you elaborate on the potential impact of your
research on these conservation strategies?
There is more than strong evidence. We have
over 20 years of research demonstrating that
female Podocnemis expansa do indeed wait for
hatchlings. To date, we know hatchlings migrate
with the females in the deep channel of the river
for up to 62 km. This year, we predict we'll be able
to document hatchling turtles reaching the flood-
ed forest feeding grounds with the females. The
practice of holding hatchling Podocnemis expansa
in captivity for weeks or months before release,
and the practice of releasing hatchlings at beaches
different than their natal ones, may actually be
harmful to the natural process of migration.
There is recent documentation of young mature
P. expansa nesting alone in inadequate beaches
in shallow, fine sand in the lower Amazon River.
These turtles may have lost their pod, or never
were members of one; this could be the result of
released or escaped turtles. It would be interesting
to see if we could induce these turtles to follow the
sounds of migrating turtles played from underwa-
ter speakers, bringing them to a migrating pod or
up to the nesting beaches in the Trombetas River.
Remembering that pre TSD conservation efforts
by some sea turtle biologists produced all male
turtles because of nest manipulations, it may be
best to revisit the conservation strategies for P.
expansa and consider a more hands off approach.
Dick Vogt, dickturtlevogt@gmail.com
Camila Ferrara, ferrara@terra.com.br
FURTHER READING
Ferrara, C.R., Vogt, R.C., and Sousa-Lima, R.S. 2012. Turtle vocalizations as the first evidence of post-hatching parental care in
chelonians. Journal of Comparative Psychology 127:2432
Legler, J. M. and Vogt, R. C. 2013. The Chelonian Ear and Vocalization, IN The Turtles of Mexico; Freshwater and land forms.
University of California Press, Berkeley pp 31-33.
Dick Vogt and Virginia Bernardes recording underwater vocalizations of Podocnemis expansa with a hydrophone.
PHOTO CREDIT: CEQUA-RICHARD C. VOGT
P. expansa adult female and hatchlings with sonic transmitters. PHOTO CREDIT: CEQUA-RICHARD C. VOGT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 57 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
We Are the TSA
M E M B E R S P O T L I G H T S
Heather Lowe
MILENA OLIVA MNDEZ
Hometown: Guatemala City, Guatemala
Occupation: Biologist
What first sparked your interest in turtles
and tortoises?
I had pet turtles as a girl, but my scientific
interest in turtles began in 2008. I was in my
second year of biology course work and on a field
trip with an invertebrates course. We were look-
ing for insect larva in a pond, and then suddenly
I saw the most beautiful creature Ive ever seen:
a wood turtle (Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima). I had
found animals in the wild before, but Id never
felt what I felt at that moment. From that day, my
interest grew.
Tell us about your job.
I did my thesis research on the distribution,
natural history and habitat characterization
of the Central American River Turtle (Der-
matemys mawii) at Sarstn River, Guatemala.
Through this experience, I realized that the
only way to do something effective was through
community involvement. The wonderful
people that live along the Sarstn River have an
impressive cultural wealth. But, they also live
in poverty and their education is very limited.
How can we ask these fishermen not to feed
their families when they accidentally capture a
turtle in their cast nets? How can we demon-
strate to them that the ecosystem in which they
live is much more valuable than money, when
they live in poverty?
To continue my research, I designed a con-
servation project where local people benefit from
sustainable development projects. The project
will promote improvement in peoples education
The foundation of the Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) is our partnerships, including those with our individual members.
With that in mind, we are pleased to announce that our membership has continued to grow in 2013. Funds generated by
membership dues help to offset TSA operating costs and provide available funds for unexpected costs of conservation
projects around the world. In short, your support is critical to our success.
We firmly believe that anyone can contribute to turtle conservation in some way, regardless of background or experience.
These are three exceptional members who do just that. We hope that you enjoy getting to know them.
and general welfare while preparing them to
study and protect Dermatemys.
How did you first learn about the TSA?
I did an internship at Zoo Atlanta in 2011.
Knowing my interest in turtles, the staff there
encouraged me to go to the Annual Symposium
on the Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and
Freshwater Turtles in Orlando. I was surprised
by the passion that I saw in everybody. It was a
true inspiration to hear all the presentations and
that was where my thesis project was born.
How would you describe your personal
conservation philosophy?
I think that we have to reunite humans with
nature, but in the process we cannot neglect
one or the other. For me it is important to
strengthen that union through environmentally
friendly activities that are also welcomed by the
community.
MICHAEL W. HANCE
Hometown: Centereach, NY
Occupation: Biomedical researcher/postdoc
Tell us about your family.
My wife, Emily, and I just had our first child,
Isla, in March 2013. We live in rural coastal
South Carolina with our dogs and various turtles
and tortoises.
What first sparked your interest in turtles
and tortoises?
At the age of four, my first reptile pet was an
august 2013 58 turtle survival
M E M B E R S P O T L I G H T S
Eastern Box Turtle (T. c. carolina) .That turtle
ignited a passion that will likely persist the rest
of my life. To this day, I still keep a pair as pets
and get a sense of euphoria when I find one in
the wild.
What do you enjoy about being a member
of the TSA?
I really like the diversity of the membership
of the TSA. There are academic researchers,
veterinarians, zoo workers, and private hobbyists
that all share a passion for turtle and tortoise
conservation. This broad knowledge base
provides the opportunity to constantly learn,
whether at the annual conference or while volun-
teering at the Turtle Survival Center.
How did you first learn about the TSA?
I first learned of the Turtle Survival Alliance
while working at the Knoxville Zoo. I officially
joined in 2006 and have been a member ever
since.
Tell us about your job.
I am an American Cancer Society postdoc-
toral fellow at the Medical University of South
Carolina's Hollings Cancer Center. My cur-
rent work involves investigating the molecu-
lar mechanisms of early metastatic behavior
in prostate cancer such as cellular plasticity
and the ability of cancer to exploit the genetic
programs regulating tissue organization and
cellular polarity. We hope that our group may be
able to identify biomarkers focused specifically
on these early events, thus providing clinicians
with additional tools to differentiate men at the
greatest risk of metastatic disease. The ability to
do so will improve the quality of life of men with
less aggressive cancers by reducing unneeded
treatment and hopefully provide strategies to
limit metastasis by therapeutically targeting the
earlier events in the process.
THERESA STRATMANN
Hometown: Irmo, SC
Occupation: Graduate Student, Clemson
University
What is your most memorable encounter
with a turtle in the wild?
In 2000, I moved from Washington to South
Carolina. One day Mama came running into the
house, asking us to come out. She showed us a
bright orange and black turtle sauntering through
the yard. For German immigrants new to the
Southeast, the only thing we could conclude was
that someone had lost their pet. Our neighbor
kindly pointed out that it was a wild turtle. You
might as well have told us that we had lions in our
backyard - that was how exotic the experience
seemed to us. For me, it was the first time I realized
that you do not have to go to the Amazon to see
spectacular wildlife. If you take the time to look,
there are treasures right in your own backyard.
How would you describe your personal
conservation philosophy?
"In the end we will conserve only what we love.
We will love only what we understand. We will un-
derstand only what we are taught." Baba Dioum
This quote, from a Senegalese conservationist,
best sums up my conservation philosophy. And
as a scientist-in-training, I believe this message
needs to be taken to heart by scientists. Like the
quote says, people only conserve what they love
and will only trust what they understand. If the
public does not love nature, conservationists can-
not save it. If the public is not literate in science,
skepticism of problems, like climate change, will
continue to run rampant. To be effective, a scien-
tist must therefore be more than a researcher. A
scientist must be an educator and leader, opening
the public's eyes to our backyard treasures. Educa-
tional outreach should be a part of every scientist's
job. Even if they are not directly working in con-
servation, we need to end this distrust of scientists
and educate people about science so that it is not
clouded in mystery. Then, maybe, the science we
do can become something they understand, even
something that fascinates them. My hope is for
people to begin to trust us, and even care about the
harsh realities that we need to face, like extinc-
tions and climate change.
Have you ever tried to educate others
about turtles and turtle conservation?
When I became interested in herpetology, I no-
ticed how many people vilified the animals I loved.
I realized that I could pursue a career in conserva-
tion and do all the research I wanted, but it would
not matter if the general public was not inter-
ested in keeping these animals alive. While at the
University of Georgia, I started doing educational
outreach with their Herpetological Society. For the
past four years we have been taking native reptiles
and amphibians to schools and local events, teach-
ing people of all ages and walks of life about them.
Tell us about your job.
I just graduated from the University of
Georgia and will be starting graduate school at
Clemson University in the fall. In the summer
of 2010 I was hired by the Georgia Department
of Natural Resources as a wildlife technician
to help monitor known bog turtle populations
and locate new ones. I have been helping them
with their efforts to conserve bog turtles ever
since. I'll be continuing this research in graduate
school, focusing on bog turtles in South Carolina,
but this summer I have taken a break to do an
internship with the TSA, helping them set up the
new Turtle Survival Center.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 59 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
We're serious about saving turtlesjoin us!
Visit turtlesurvival.org to become a TSA member. Or, complete this form and send, with a check (payable to TSA) to:
TSA, 1989 Colonial Parkway, Fort Worth, Texas 76110
How did you hear about the TSA? ________________________________
Membership Levels (figures represent annual dues):
Student ($25) Individual ($50)
Would you like to make your membership "green?" Green members
will not receive a hard copy of the TSA's annual publication in the mail.
Instead, they are invited to read it online. Yes No
Please visit turtlesurvival.org to learn more about
options for Organizational Memberships.
Thanks for your support!
TSA members are eligible for discounts on registration at our annual
conference and other specials throughout the year. In addition, members
receive our annual fullcolor publication, along with a biweekly
enewsletter featuring the latest in turtle conservation news. Membership
funds allow the TSA to do work around the world including:
Awarding small grants and conducting training opportunities
to expand conservation work with endangered tortoises and
freshwater turtles globally
Hosting our annual symposium and providing support to speakers
and special guests
Supporting conservation work and recovery programs for critically
endangered chelonians around the world
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PHONE NUMBER
The turtle conservation community lost one of its staunchest allies
when Bern Tryon passed away on May 6, 2011. He is best known for his
pioneering work with the Southern Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii);
particularly in Tennessee where he wrote and helped implement a con-
servation and recovery plan for the species that merged field and captive
management techniques. Bern's 25 year commitment to the Southern
Bog Turtle is being sustained as he bequeathed his significant herpe-
tological library to the TSA to create an endowment to fund bog turtle
research and conservation.
At the time of his death, Bern was the Director of Animal Collections/
Herpetology at the Knoxville Zoo. At the 8th Annual Symposium on the
Conservation and Biology of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles, he was
awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award, presented jointly by the TSA and
the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Bern will forever
be remembered for his dedication and passion for herpetology and uncom-
promising commitment to turtle conservation.
Thus far, the library has generated more than $50,000 for Bog Turtle
conservation. However, there are still a number of wonderful books and
reprints available, many of which are out of print. All proceeds from library
sales directly benefit the fund. To view the full catalog online, please visit
http://pondturtle.com/btlMain.html.
As a special offer to TSA members, all books are now available for
20% off of the listed price through December 31, 2013. Your member-
ship in the TSA will be verified at the time of purchase.
A Lasting
Legacy
Bern holding the last Bog Turtle he would ever collect, September 2009 in North Caro-
lina. PHOTO CREDIT: DENNIS HERMAN
august 2013 60 turtle survival
Raised in the small, rural mountain town of Stuart,
Virginia, just off the Blue Ridge Parkway, Rick
Hudson, spent his formative years plying the local
streams and springs for salamanders, snakes, and
turtles and his Herp affliction became apparent
at an early age. His fascination with all things
herpetological was indulged by his parents despite
the fact that his long- suffering mother had a true
snake phobia. However, she gladly took him for
rides following summer rains to search of box tur-
tles, while his father was called on to build homes
for his son's growing menagerie. Rick became
known locally as the "guy to call when you found
a reptile" and by the age of 12 had established a
backyard zoo that attracted local media attention.
In 1966 the hometown newspaper ran an article
that quoted Rick as saying that when he grew up
he wanted to be a naturalist and work in a real zoo.
Few people can say that they are doing now what
they said they aspired to do as a child. Destined to
be a zoo man, his earliest childhood memory was
at the National Zoo at the age of four.
Herpetological opportunities were sparse
in rural Virginia but that improved when Rick
moved to Richmond in 1972 where he found like-
minded people that enjoyed collecting and keep-
ing herps. He earned a BS degree in Biology from
the University of Richmond in 1977and began
seeking employment in zoo reptile departments.
With few job prospects he decided to improve his
marketability by enrolling in a veterinary technol-
ogy program under the direction of a former zoo
veterinarian, Dr. Stuart Porter. Porter helped open
the door to the zoo world for Rick that ultimately
led him to his first and last job in 1980, at the Fort
Worth Zoo where he has spent his entire 33-year
professional career. He served as Assistant Cura-
tor in the zoo's world-renowned Herp Department
for twenty years, moving to the new Conservation
and Science Department in 2000.
Prior to his involvement in the turtle world,
Rick established a reputation for organizing
zoo-based conservation programs, most notably
through his efforts to save several highly threat-
ened Caribbean iguana species. He organized and
chaired the Lizard Advisory Group for the Ameri-
can Zoo Association (AZA), becoming involved in
West Indian Rock Iguana (Cyclura) conservation
following the rediscovery of the Jamaican Iguana.
Rick organized the 1993 workshop in Kingston
that laid the foundation for the recovery of the
Jamaican Iguana now regarded as one of the
world's premiere conservation success stories a
program with which he maintains close ties today.
The Kingston workshop ultimately led to the for-
mation of the IUCN West Indian Iguana Specialist
Group (now the Iguana Specialist Group) which
Rick co-chaired for ten years. Today Rick remains
active in iguana conservation, and is the Executive
Director of the International Iguana Founda-
tion that raises and administers funds to support
research and recovery programs for critically
endangered iguanas throughout the Caribbean,
Central America, and Fiji.
In response to the Asian turtle crisis in the
mid-1990s, Rick began taking an active role in the
AZA Chelonian Advisory Group, and helped guide
the restructuring of the AZA's collection plans to
make them more conservation-based. The Fort
Worth Zoo's herp collection responded as well,
Rick Hudson
Receives 8th Annual
Behler Turtle
Conservation Award
John Iverson, PhD, Anders Rhodin, MD,
and Brian D. Horne, PhD
B E H L E R AWA R D
Inspecting the growth rate on a Burmese roof turtle at the Yadanabon Zoo in Mandalay, Burma in 2010. Rick was
instrumental in building the breeding and headstart facility here in 2006 that helped spur the recovery of this near
extinct turtle. PHOTO CREDIT: KALYAR PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 61 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
establishing successful breeding groups of many
endangered Asian species, including Painted Ter-
rapins, Golden Coin Box Turtles, Pan's Box Tur-
tles, Annam Leaf Turtles, McCord's Snakeneck
Turtles, and initiating some of the first zoo-based
work with captive Impressed Tortoises.
In 2000 Rick joined Kurt Buhlamm, at the
Savannah River Ecology Lab in South Carolina,
with John Behler, Dwight Lawson, Dave Collins,
and Whit Gibbons. Concerned with the Asian
turtle crisis, they discussed how best to utilize
their facilities for endangered Asian turtles. It
was there that the idea was born to hold a work-
shop to address the Asian turtle crisis. Rick con-
vinced the Fort Worth Zoo to host the workshop
and plans got underway with a January 2001
target date. As the international invitation list
began to take shape and key players were identi-
fied, word began to circulate "Why is an iguana
guy holding a turtle workshop?"- a fair question
given Rick's well-known iguana background.
During this time he took comfort, and inspira-
tion, in knowing that his long-standing colleague
from the iguana world, John Iverson, was able to
successfully work with both chelonians and igua-
nas. In fact, Rick's first turtle-related publication
was co-authored with John, a feeding note on
Alligator Snapping Turtles in Herp Review.
The Fort Worth Zoo workshop was an
arduous three-day affair that brought together
80 turtle experts from around the world, with
representatives from all of the various sectors
that had a stake in Asian turtle conservation, in-
cluding groups that traditionally shared little in
common and rarely communicated. As expected,
the workshop, facilitated by the Captive Breeding
Specialist Group and its Chair, Ulie Seal, was
fraught with challenges, and it was not until the
eleventh hour that a new sub-group came to-
gether, with representatives from all constituent
sectors, and committed to working together to
save Asia's rapidly declining turtle fauna. Thus,
the Chelonian Captive Survival Alliance was
born as an IUCN Task Force, co-chaired initially
by Rick Hudson and Kurt Buhlmann. The name
was soon changed to the Turtle Survival Alli-
ance (TSA) and Rick has continued to lead this
organization's development from that eclectic
workshop in 2001 to a global turtle conserva-
tion enterprise with an annual budget of over a
million dollars. Rick has charted an ambitious
path for the TSA with active field programs in
not only Asia but around the globe. He maintains
direct involvement in the planning and implemen-
tation of these programs, and has a keen eye for
recognizing talented and motivated people to lead
them. Furthermore, Rick has been the driving
force behind finding a new home for the TSA, the
Turtle Survival Center, in South Carolina. This
facility allows TSA to address its founding man-
date of protecting species in captivity that have
little success of surviving in the wild.
Rick embodies the true spirit for which this
award was created: to honor leadership and excel-
lence in the field of tortoise and freshwater turtle
conservation. Rick's recognition in the turtle
conservation community is largely tied to the ex-
traordinary success of the TSA and his leadership
role in that organization's rise to prominence. He
does not have an advanced academic degree, nor
has he written books or published major scientific
works. However, he has led the development of an
incredibly effective turtle conservation organi-
zation, and he has worked on the front lines in
efforts to help prevent the extinction of several
Asian turtle species. Rick's direct and indirect
contributions to global turtle conservation easily
match those of the previously honored recipients,
and his career path has closely followed that of
the late John Behler for whom this prestigious
award is named. He is emblematic of the growing
corps of conservation specialists whose back-
ground has been primarily in zoo management
and herpetoculture, as those disciplines become
ever more important in our global struggle to help
prevent turtle and tortoise extinctions in our time.
His award is highly deserved and reflective of his
important standing as a true and prominent leader
in the global turtle conservation community.
In Rick's own words: Being selected by my
peers to receive this award is certainly the great-
est accolade of my professional career and I am
honored to join this select fraternity of prominent
turtle biologists. Inasmuch as my success in turtle
conservation is linked with that of the TSA, I feel it
appropriate to mention those that have been at the
core of that success: Kurt Buhlmann, Scott Davis,
Brian Horne, Dwight Lawson, Heather Lowe,
Lonnie McCaskill, and Andrew Walde. I also want
to mention Pat Koval, Walter Sedgwick and the
rest of the TSA Board of Directors: your trust in me
is humbling and my commitment to you is that I
will never let you down. Fort Worth Zoo Director
Mike Fouraker deserves special recognition for his
unwavering support of my conservation work, for
sticking with me during the hard times, and for
providing a home base for the TSA. I pay tribute
to Ulie Seal and John Behler: both exerted major
influences on my conservation ethic but moreover
on how I attack problems and deal with difficult
challenges. I was privileged to spend a month with
John in Madagascar in 1991 on our first trip when
the addiction began. It was a magical and unfor-
gettable experience, and changed us both forever.
But if there is one person that was my greatest
example, it was my father, Dick Hudson, who
instilled in me his work ethic. Finally if there is one
compliment that I have received over the years that
sticks with me, it is this gem from my colleague in
Madagascar, Christina Castellano: when asked to
describe Rick Hudson by someone that didn't know
me she replied, "All I can tell you is, the guy knows
how to get s___ done." If this is my epitaph, then I
will consider my career a success.
Rick holding an adult male Grand Cayman Blue Iguana in Grand Cayman in 2001. PHOTO CREDIT: JOHN BINNS
august 2011 62 turtle survival
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 63 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
august 2013 64 turtle survival
D O N O R R E C O G N I T I O N
Supporters donating $500 to $2,499
AAZK - Battle Creek Chapter, AAZK - Bronx
Zoo Chapter , AAZK - Heart of Illinois Chapter,
AAZK - Puget Sound Chapter, Abilene Zoo,
Albuquerque BioPark, Andrew Luk, Audubon
Zoo, Baton Rouge Zoo, Beardsley Zoo, Bergen
County Zoo, Bonnie Raphael, Brevard Zoo,
Brookfield Zoo, Conservation International,
Dan Pearson, David Mifsud, David Simon, Deb
Behler, Dickerson Park Zoo, Douglas McCurdy,
Dwight Lawson, El Paso Zoo, Ellen Trout Zoo,
Erika Seshadri, Faith Connolly, Frank and Kate
Slavens, Fresno Chaffee Zoo, Friends of Wekiva
River, George Meyer, Henry Vilas Zoo, Herpe-
tofauna Foundation, Hersh Markusfeld, IUCN
Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group,
Jackie Litzgus, Jacqueln Smith, James Breheny,
James Murphy, James Sherwood, James Stew-
art, Jeffrey Lang, Jenkinson's Aquarium, Kansas
City Zoo, Kurt Buhlmann and Tracey Tuberville,
Landry's Downtown Aquarium - Houston, Lee
Richardson Zoo, National Aquarium in Balti-
more, Noble Creek Biological Consulting, Nor-
cross Wildlife Foundation, Oakland Zoo, Peter
Woodman, Ray Saumure, Reid Park Zoo, Robert
Krause, Robin de Bled, Ron Tremper, Stacy
Fiorentinos, Toyota 100 Cars for Good, Virginia
Aquarium, Waterland Tubs, Wildlife World Zoo,
World Chelonian Trust
Supporters donating $2,500 to $7,499
AZFA Clark Waldram Fund, Bill Holmstrom,
Bruce Weber, Chuck Landrey, Dallas Zoo, Desert
Tortoise Council, Downtown Aquarium Denver,
Houston Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo, John Iverson,
Knoxville Zoo, Los Angeles Zoo, Matt Frankel,
Matthew Iverson, Moody Gardens, Owen Griffiths,
Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium, Riverbanks
Zoo, Robert Ortiz Dietz, San Antonio Zoo, Sedg-
wick County Zoological Society, Taipei Forestry
Bureau, Toronto Zoo, Turtle Limited, Turtle and
Tortoise Preservation Group, Utah's Hogle Zoo,
Virginia Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo
Supporters donating $7,500 to $19,999
Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, Brett Stea-
rns, Brian Bolton, Chelonian Research Founda-
tion, David Shapiro, Dennis Coules, Eric Goode/
Turtle Conservancy, Fagus Foundation, Mohamed
Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Nature's
Own, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, Phoenix Zoo,
Robert Olsen, Roy Young and Rosa Venezia, St
Louis Zoo, Turtle Conservation Fund, Wildlife
Conservation Society, Zoo Atlanta, Zoo Med Labo-
ratories, Inc.
Supporters donating
$20,000 to $49,999
Bill Dennler, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo,
Columbus Zoo, Detroit Zoo, San Diego Zoo, Walde
Research & Environmental Consulting, Zoo Boise
Supporters donating
$50,000 to $100,000
Bingham Foundation, Clarence Abercrombie,
Disney's Animal Kingdom, Edith McBean, Fort
Worth Zoo, Save Our Species (SOS) Fund
Supporters donating
more than $200,000
Patricia Koval / WCS Canada
2013 Conference Sponsors
Brett and Nancy Stearns, Brian Bolton, Capi-
tal of Texas Zoo, Chelonian Research Founda-
tion, Conservation International, David Shapiro,
Herpetological Resource and Management, IUCN
Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group,
John Iverson, Kristin Berry, Sonotronics, SWCA
Environmental Consultants, Turtle Conservancy,
Zoo Med Laboratories, Inc.
2013 Behler Turtle Conservation
Award Sponsors
Brett and Nancy Stearns, Chelonian Research
Foundation, Chelonian Research Institute,
Conservation International, Deb Behler, Turtle
Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society
The TSA would also like to extend special
thanks to the following members who have found
unique ways to support turtle conservation:
Veterinarians Keith Benson, Charlie Innis,
Sam Rivera, Joe Flanagan, Bonnie Raphael vis-
ited the Turtle Survival Center in April to welcome
the first turtles to the facility, conduct quarantine
exams and make recommendations on protocol.
Lonnie McCaskill has taken on the new role of
TSA India Advisor, putting in many valuable hours
to support this important conservation program.
Robert Villa, Michael Hance, Rose Tremblay
and Nancy Reinert all returned as our faithful
volunteers for the 2013 symposium. Brian Bower
and Daniel Gaillard joined them for the first time,
providing photography and A/V support.
Kathy Vause, Michael and Emily Hance,
Roman Fletcher, Andrew Blaser, Emily Turnbull,
Scott Pfaff, Jay Allen, Melody King, Connor Par-
ton, Theresa Stratmann, Stephen Nelson, Brad
Moxley, Ed Neil, Sheryl Brandt, Berkeley Boone,
Ann Hao, Sam Seashole, Dave Manser, and Chris
Spees all pitched in and got their hands dirty as
volunteers at the Turtle Survival Center.
Thomas Rainwater donated and prepared a
delicious "low country boil" for the TSA Board
of Directors during their meeting at the Turtle
Survival Center in April.
Shannon Livingston assisted with grant writ-
ing for the India program, helping to secure funds
for several key projects.
Glenn Scherer provided editorial services for
Turtle Survival, with Matt Welnack coordinating
design and layout.
Ben Anders, Stephen Nash and Ann
Hirschfeld shared their artistic skills and provided
us with t-shirt designs again this year.
Jennifer Poindexter and the St Louis Zoo have
once again been wonderful local partners for
the annual conference, providing generous and
friendly event planning support.
Jay Allen has devoted multiple hours of his
time and expertise in helping to build the Turtle
Survival Center.
Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and the Fort
Worth Zoo sold merchandise on behalf of the
TSA, raising funds for our conservation programs.
Steve Gott represented the TSA at an event
hosted by the Florida Museum of Natural History,
sharing information about the Rafetus breeding
program in China.
Harold "Wally" Wahlquist generously donated
a pick-up truck for use at the Turtle Survival
Center.
Thank you for your support!
The TSA gratefully acknowledges the following donors and organizations for their generous support over the past year (July 2012-July 2013):
How Can You Help?
There are many ways that YOU can contribute to turtle conservation and support the TSA's mission of zero turtle extinctions. Visit the TSA website to learn more!
Make a Donation Donations can be dedicated to a specific project or program, just let us know what you'd like to support!
Purchase Equipment Check out the Turtle Survival Alliance Wish List on Amazon.com to purchase equipment that is needed by our staff at the Turtle
Survival Center and in the field.
Adopt a Turtle By symbolically adopting an endangered species for yourself or as a gift, you can support turtle conservation globally.
Join the TSA Become a member of the TSA or buy a gift membership for a friend.
Support the TSA at No Extra Cost to You There are several programs available in which you can support the TSA's mission by doing what you do every day!
Amazon.com Access amazon.com via the TSA link and a portion of your purchase will be donated to turtle conservation!
Capital One Card Lab - Share your passion and donate to our cause with your everyday purchases. We've partnered with Capital One Card Lab
Connect on a fundraising program, which helps us earn money effortlessly every day! Just carry our custom credit card (choose from three designs),
and valuable cash donations for every purchase you make with the card will be donated to our organization.
eBay - Turtle Survival Alliance is part of the eBay Giving Works program. So, you can support our mission when you buy and sell on eBay.
Good Search What if the TSA earned a donation every time you searched the Internet? Or how about if a percentage of every purchase you made
online went to support our cause? It can, with Good Search!
Shop for the Cause Visit the TSA's online store to purchase t-shirts, art, publications or other merchandise to support conservation projects around the
world. Retired designs are available on a wide variety of merchandise in the TSA's Caf Press store.
Volunteer Pitch in and get your hands dirty! Volunteer opportunities are posted on the TSA website when available.
http://www.turtlesurvival.org/get-involved/support-the-tsa
The Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans), is a critically endangered turtle species endem-
ic to Northeastern India and Bangladesh, long thought to exist in only one temple pond. Wild
populations have recently been discovered, but the species is extensively hunted for the food
and calipee trade and population numbers are low. Confined primarily to a few religious sites
and temple ponds of northeast India, where they are protected, these temple ponds are usually
overcrowded and the water conditions are poor with no basking areas. Turtles are fed puffed
rice and other human food as religions offerings, and often show signs of skin disease, infighting,
and poor nutrition. Due to a lack of suitable nesting substrate for digging, females deposit their
eggs in places where they have little chance of hatching. To improve some of these situations,
the TSA has initiated projects with some selected ponds in Assam to improve husbandry and
reproduction of these turtles. The eventual goal is to produce hatchlings that can be headstart-
ed and released as a means of supplementing depleted wild populations. A modest softshell
nursery and hatchery was built along the Brahmaputra River at Nagshankar Temple and the
first clutch of 15 hatched on 30 June. The facility will help protect ten nests and 50 hatchlings
annually for the first two years and will be expanded as funding allows.
PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH/TSA INDIA
Publication
supported by