Turtle Survival
A PUBLICATION OF THE TURTLE SURVIVAL ALLIANCE
2015
Committed to Zero Turtle Extinctions: these
words have become TSA's tagline, our mantra
if you will, our overriding mission. It's an easy
slogan to toss around, but what does it really
mean? How serious is that commitment, and
moreover can TSA live up to that promise?
We regard our commitment to zero turtle
extinctions as our unwritten contract with the
turtle conservation community and the turtles
themselves. We take this pact very seriously and
during this past year, engaged in a rigorous and
detailed evaluation process that would put teeth
into this commitment.
Starting with a list of 62 species ranked
Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List,
or that are proposed for CR listing (including
species that we know to be under imminent
threat with dismal futures in the wild) both the
Field Conservation and Animal Management
Committees began their analysis. Decision trees
were developed and eventually the two processes
were merged, creating a priority list of 45 species
targeted for action and describing what TSA's
role would be in each species' survival. This pro-
cess is preemptive, and is designed to ensure that
species don't slip through the cracks. In other
words, we want to identify species heading for
trouble while there is still time to enact recovery
efforts. Too often in Asia particularly we find
ourselves engaged in crisis management, trying
to recover a species that has already slipped
dangerously close to extinction.
TSA's Commitment to Zero Turtle
Extinctions more than just a slogan
Though an onerous task, this evaluation
process is completely necessary if we are to
systematically work through the many spe-
cies that require conservation actions for their
survival. Determining TSA's role for each species
is important for long-term planning and the
budgeting process, and to help us identify areas
around the globe where we need to develop new
field programs. In Asia for example, Indonesia
and Vietnam, with nine targeted species each,
both emerged as high priority countries where
we should be working. Concurrently, the Animal
Management plan identified 32 species for man-
agement at the Turtle Survival Center, and the
associated space requirements imply a signifi-
cant investment in new facilities. Both the Field
Conservation and Animal Management Plans
provide a blueprint for future growth for the
TSA, and document our long-term commitment.
Failure is not an option for us, and it will require
a significant investment in capital and expansion
if we are to make good on our mission.
As if to test TSA's resolve to make good on
our commitment, on June 17 the turtle conser-
vation community awoke to a nightmare when
we learned of the confiscation of 3,800 Palawan
Forest Turtles in the Philippines. We dropped
everything and swung into action and for
weeks to come, this crisis and the coordinated
response dominated our agenda. In a show of
strength and unity, turtle conservation groups
from around the world responded, deploying
both staff and resources. In the end working
through this crisis became a highly gratifying
experience and we were able to turn a grim and
chaotic situation into one of hope. As of this
writing all but five of the surviving turtles had
been treated and released. More than a hundred
organizations helped raise funds and for one
shining moment the turtle conservation com-
munity was able to put aside our differences and
unite in a way that I have not witnessed since
the Hong Kong confiscation in 2001. May that
spirit of cooperation and goodwill remain with
us long into the future.
As always, thanks for supporting the TSA,
and for all you do to improve the future for
turtles and tortoises.
R I C K H U D S O N
FROM THE PRESIDENT'S DESK
PHOTO CREDIT: KALYAR PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 01 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FEATURES
PARTNER NEWS
EXCLUSIVES, NEWS AND
ANNOUNCEMENTS
RANGE COUNTRY UPDATES
Inside Cover | From the President's Desk
2 | Meet the Staff
3 | Animal Update
6 | Significant Breedings
7 | Outreach
8 | Construction
10 | Veterinary Update
11 | Donated Goods
12 | Capital Campaign
14 | Volunteers
15 | Conservation Notes
40 | eDNA
42 | Bolson's Tortoise Project
44 | Cambodia
46 | Philippines
49 | TSA Blueprint
52 | Partners
53 | Turtle Conservation Fund
54 | TSA Europe
58 | NAFTRG
60 | We are the TSA
62 | Brewery Partnerships
63 | Bern Tryon Memorial
64 | Behler Award
Inside Back Cover | Donor Recognition
16 | Madagascar
21 | India
26 | Bangladesh
28 | Myanmar
33 | Indonesia
34 | China
36 | Belize
38 | Colombia
ABOUT THE COVER: This Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons), was among 95 Asian box turtles received at the Turtle Survival Center (TSC) from Hong Kong in October 2015.
The shipment included all three species of Flowerback Box Turtles including Cuora galbinifrons, Cuora bourreti, and C. picturata, and provides important new potential founder lines to
the U.S. managed populations. These species can be challenging in captivity, requiring years to acclimate, and reproduction is generally sporadic. Growth of the captive populations
has been slow. These turtles were part of a long-term collection, acquired over a decade ago from live markets by a remarkable woman named Vivian Cheung. An architect by trade,
Vivian spent countless hours restoring these turtles back to health while keeping them in her apartment no small feat for even the most experienced turtle keepers. When the genus
Cuora was elevated to CITES Appendix II, Vivian had the foresight to register them with the Hong Kong government as "Pre Act" to document that they were acquired legally prior to
protection from international trade. In early 2015, Vivian contacted the TSA and offered to place her collection at the TSC, an environment that she considered more conducive for
conservation management and long-term sustainability. That she offered this rare collection to the TSC is a testament to our growing international reputation, but moreover is a tribute to
Vivian's conservation ethic and commitment to the species' ultimate survival. The turtle conservation community, and the turtles that depend on us, and indeed the world, needs more
people like Vivian. This issue of Turtle Survival is dedicated to Vivian, and we hope her story will inspire more to follow her example. See cover story on p. 3. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
TURTLE SURVIVAL
ALLIANCE
Board of Directors
Rick Hudson, President
Dwight Lawson, PhD, Vice President
Walter Sedgwick, Treasurer
James Breheny
Bill Dennler
Susie Ellis, PhD
Michael Fouraker
Bill Holmstrom
John Iverson, PhD
Patricia Koval, LLD, Chair
Lonnie McCaskill
John Mitchell
Russ Mittermeier
Colin Poole
Hugh Quinn, PhD
Anders Rhodin, MD
Frank Slavens
Andrew Walde, Executive Director
Robert Wiese, PhD
Director of Development
Ilze Astad
Administrative Staff
Christine Bowie
Heather Lowe, MS
Turtle Survival Center Staff
Carol Armell, RMA, NCPT
Clinton Doak
Cris Hagen
Nathan Haislip, MS
Sheena Koeth, RVT, CVT
Range Country Program Leaders
German Forero-Medina, PhD
Kalyar Platt, PhD
Herilala Randriamahazo, PhD
Shailendra Singh, PhD
Contents of this publication should be cited as: Author. (2015) Article Title. Turtle Survival, pp. xxxx.
Turtle Survival Alliance 2015
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december 2015 02 turtle survival
The Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) was created
in 2001 in response to the rampant and un-
sustainable harvest of Asian turtles to supply
Chinese markets, a situation that came to be
known as "The Asian Turtle Crisis." For its
first seven years, the TSA worked under the
umbrella of the World Conservation Union
(IUCN). In 2005, it was registered as an
independent 501(c)(3) non-profit, based in
Fort Worth, Texas and a dedicated Board
of Directors was selected in January 2009.
From the day it was founded until today, the
TSA has remained focused on a single goal:
zero turtle extinctions.
The TSA is an action-oriented global
partnership, focusing on species that are
at high risk of extinction in turtle diversity
hotspots around the world. We develop cul-
turally sensitive conservation programs that
utilize a combination of education outreach,
conservation in the wild, assurance colony
management in range countries, and ex situ
(out of range) captive management.
Through our working collaborations with
zoos, aquariums, universities, private turtle
enthusiasts, veterinarians, government agen-
cies, and conservation organizations, the
TSA is widely recognized as a catalyst for
turtle conservation with a reputation
for swift and decisive action. The TSA has
grown into a global force for turtle con-
servation and currently supports projects
or programs in Belize, Colombia, Europe,
Madagascar, United States, and throughout
Asia. The opening of the Turtle Survival
Center in South Carolina in 2013 has greatly
enhanced our ability to protect the most vul-
nerable species through ex situ assurance
colony management and captive breeding.
About the Turtle Survival Alliance
Meet the Staff
ILZE ASTAD
Ilze Astad joined the Turtle Survival Alliance as Director of Development
in November 2014. Her experience in fundraising and nonprofit management
spans more than 12 years, working for diverse organizations with causes
ranging from hunger to human rights. A native of Latvia where she was raised,
Ilze moved to the states in 1997 to pursue her education. She is proud to call
Charleston her home. She earned her undergraduate degree in Political Sci-
ence at the College of Charleston and was later awarded the Masters of Public
Administration from a joint program with The Graduate School at College of
Charleston and the University of South Carolina. When asked what she likes
most about working with the TSA, Ilze said, "It is morally incumbent upon us
to preserve endangered turtles and tortoises worldwide as an integral part of
ecosystems ... the TSA is at the forefront of that vital work." We are pleased to
have Ilze as a part of the TSA team.
CLINTON DOAK
Clinton Doak, the newest member of our team, has been interested in rep-
tiles and amphibians for the majority of his life. Growing up in rural Michigan,
his passion for herpetofauna started at an early age where he could be found
in the swamps and ponds looking for turtles. After receiving a Bachelor's
degree in Zoology, he started a career in zookeeping. Initially a keeper in the
education department at the Little Rock Zoo, Clinton's interest drove him
towards a more reptile-focused career. This interest led him first into a role as
a keeper in the Reptile Department at the Little Rock Zoo, then into a position
in the world-class herpetarium, the Museum of Living Art (MOLA) at the Fort
Worth Zoo. While working at MOLA he worked with some of the most endan-
gered reptiles in the world, including a variety of Asian species such as Indian
Gharial, Painted Terrapin, Southern River Terrapin, and Narrow-headed
Softshell Turtle. Clinton's background and experience makes him the perfect
addition to the Turtle Survival Center team as the Chelonian Keeper.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 03 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Now in its second year, the TSA's Turtle Survival
Center has seen incredible progress since breaking
ground in March 2013, thanks to an effective team of
dedicated staff, hard working volunteers, the generos-
ity of donors, and steadfast leadership from managers,
coordinators, and directors driving the TSA.
A GROWING COLLECTION WITH A PLAN
The TSC's living collection now numbers
more than 500 individual chelonians, and as time
and funding allow, outdoor and indoor facilities
will be constructed to achieve the long term pro-
jected grow out of roughly 2,400 individuals.
Thanks to Hugh Quinn and the TSA's Animal
Management Committee, a 100-page Animal
Collection Plan has been drafted to manage the
living collection. The plan uses a decision tree
process to achieve the TSA's goal of zero turtle
extinctions by building robust captive popula-
tions of critically endangered species that have
little or no chance for survival in the wild and
will likely depend on long-term captive manage-
ment to avoid extinction.
At this time, 32 species have been chosen for
captive management at the TSC. Population sizes
of founders and their descendants are calculated
to maintain 90% gene diversity over 100 years.
The Animal Management Committee has also
updated documents that define acquisition, dis-
position, and research guidelines for TSA turtles.
Import Bolsters
the TSC Collection
Cris Hagen
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
TURTLE SURVIVAL CENTER
With two large acquisitions over the past year, the TSA has significantly increased the managed captive populations of three critically endangered Asian Box Turtle species in the
U.S.A. From left to right (Cuora galbinifrons, C. bourreti, C. picturata). PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
december 2015 04 turtle survival
A Turtle Savior
Cris Hagen and Ben Anders
The remarkable woman who made the October
import of 105 turtles possible is Vivian Cheung, a
Hong Kong architect, who devoted herself to rescu-
ing and rehabilitating turtles from the food trade
during the infamous Asian turtle crisis 10-15 years
ago. Mrs. Cheung worked relentlessly to recover the
hordes of turtles succumbing to soup pots in Hong
Kong markets. Most of her rescued turtles required
stabilizing care, including daily tube-feeding, frequent
treatments at a veterinary clinic, careful husbandry,
and long-term housing arrangements. Her residence
has become home to many IUCN Critically Endan-
gered turtles since then, but she finally decided they
should get a home more conducive to long-term
conservation. The TSA was locally recommended as
the best candidate for managing the turtles, and after
some correspondence with Cris Hagen, Mrs. Cheung
decided that the TSC would be the ideal placement.
After being decimated by commercial collection,
Indochinese Box Turtles are now internationally
protected. Wild-caught founder turtles are hard to
come by and valuable to ex situ conservation pro-
grams. Mrs. Cheung's heart-felt concern for turtles
was demonstrated by the fine condition of those
she donated to TSA. Her level of devotion and self-
lessness towards global turtle conservation stands
as a benchmark for those who support endangered
species programs.
Preparing to receive 105 new turtles involved
considerable planning and hard work. An area of
the central red barn at the TSC was renovated as
a temporary quarantine area with new racks and
enclosures so that every turtle could be housed
individually.
On 14 October 2015 the shipment arrived from
Hong Kong in Los Angeles, cleared customs and
USFWS, and was transferred to a Delta flight to
Charleston. All turtles weathered the trip well, and
many began feeding the next day.
The TSA acknowledges the following zoos for their
generous support of this importation: Oklahoma
City, Knoxville, Woodland Park, National Zoological
Park and Tennessee Aquarium, We thank Brian
Horne for meeting the shipment in L.A. and getting
it safely to the Delta flight east, and Ben Anders for
working with Vivian Cheung to ensure the turtles
were carefully packed prior to shipping.
This adult founder female Rote Island Snake-necked Turtle (Chelodina mccordi) was kept alone for
17 years by a professor in Anderson, South Carolina before being transferred to a local reptile pet
shop for resale in January 2015. After which, the turtle was promptly secured by a private donor
for inclusion into a managed captive population at the TSC. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
Mrs. Vivian Cheung and her husband Jason at home in Hong Kong with their dog Oscar and some
of their rescued turtles. PHOTO CREDIT: BEN ANDERS
Each turtle is housed individually at the TSC during their quarantine period.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 05 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
KEEPING TRACK OF RESIDENTS AND NEW
ACQUISITIONS
Along with an expanding living collection
comes more data to record and preserve. In 2015,
the TSC consolidated and upgraded all animal
records to the Tracks Software System, enabling
more efficient management. Individuals in the
collection were microchipped and/or shell-
notched for permanent identification.
In October 2014, the TSC received a very gen-
erous donation of 16 adult founder Sulawesi For-
est Turtles (Leucocephalon yuwonoi), 12 Sulawesi
Tortoises (Indotestudo forstenii), and 18 Spiny
Hill Turtles (Heosemys spinosa) from a private
collection. All these turtles were rescued from
the markets of southern China and elsewhere in
the 1990's and early 2000's. The owner decided
to disperse the collection to a few qualified indi-
viduals and institutions so their genetic lineages
could be integrated into captive management ef-
forts. All the turtles acclimated well to the TSC.
Most now live in a year round tropical environ-
ment in the Sulawesi Greenhouse.
The TSA also acquired several other priority
species through breeding loans and donations,
including: breeding pairs of Impressed Tortoises
(Manouria impressa) and Arakan Forest Turtles
(Heosemys depressa), as well as a genetically
unrepresented adult female Rote Island Snake-
necked Turtle (Chelodina mccordi), and Zhou's
Box Turtle (Cuora zhoui). A Southern Vietnam
Box Turtle (Cuora picturata) acquired from a
private breeder is one of the first captive bred
individuals of this species offered in the U.S.
In 2014, another private collection became
available consisting of 10.13 captive and repro-
ducing Bourret's Box Turtles (Cuora bourreti).
They were all obtained during the 1990's when
this species was still imported to the U.S. for the
pet trade. The TSA seized the opportunity to se-
cure this genetically important group and signifi-
cantly bolster the managed captive population.
In October 2015, the TSA received an incred-
ible donation of a long-term captive collection of
105 turtles comprised primarily of Indochinese
Box Turtles, the majority of which are Flowerback
Box Turtles including Cuora galbinifrons, C. bour-
reti, and C. picturata. This donation represents
important new bloodlines for the AZA studbook
for these species. These new founder animals will
greatly increase the likelihood that the captive
populations of these three species will move closer
to long-term sustainability in the U.S.
Contacts: Cris Hagen, Turtle Survival Alliance, P.O. Box
396, Cross, SC 29436, chagen@turtlesurvival.org
Sheena Koeth unpacks and admires two very large Cu-
ora galbinifrons. These new bloodlines will increase the
likelihood of successful captive population management
for the species.
Renowned artist Tom Tischler's second sculpture
in his Tischler Art for Conservation (TAFC) project
is a Galapagos Tortoise dedicated to the Turtle
Survival Alliance. The TAFC project was created
to provide impact beyond what Tom's life-sized
sculptures, seen in more than 100 zoos, museums,
and private collections around the world, have
had on their viewers. 40% of the purchase price
of each sculpture is donated to a conservation
organization selected by Tischler, to support
programs in the field so that the subjects of his
wildlife sculptures can live on for future generations.
The Galapagos Tortoise measures approximately
six inches long (tail to nose) by four inches wide
and weighs about 4 pounds. The sculpture is cast
in bronze with a hand applied and rubbed patina
that makes each individual a unique creation. 40%
of the purchase price supports TSA conservation
programs and includes shipping in the U.S.
Shipment confirmation and tracking information
will be provided by TAFC. Please visit the online
store at www.turtlesurvival.org to purchase
your limited edition bronze today.
Tischler Art for Conservation
december 2015 06 turtle survival
Significant Breedings
S I G N I F I C A N T B R E E D I N G S
Cris Hagen
The most exciting news to emerge from the Turtle
Survival Center (TSC) this year was our first suc-
cessful captive reproduction of Big-headed Turtles
(Platysternon megacephalum) in October 2015. The
species has proved challenging to reproduce in
captivity and such breedings are rarely reported.
Continuing the success from 2014, the TSC
again welcomed several Yellow-headed Box Turtles
(Cuora aurocapitata) this year. Other notable cap-
Zhou's Box Turtle (Cuora zhoui), one of the world's most
endangered vertebrate species, demands essential
collaborations if it's to be brought back from the brink of
extinction. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
tive reproduction during 2014 and 2015 include our
first Bourret's Box Turtle (Cuora bourreti), Yellow-
margined Box Turtles (Cuora flavomarginata), a
Spiny Hill Turtle (Heosemys spinosa), Vietnamese
Pond Turtles (Mauremys annamensis), Red-necked
Pond Turtles (Mauremys nigricans), and Beale's
Eyed Turtles (Sacalia bealei).
Without doubt, one of the most significant
turtle breedings in the U.S., was the successful
2015 hatching of two Zhou's Box Turtles (Cuora
zhoui). This species currently ranks second or
third on the list of the top 25 most endangered
chelonians in the world. Only 12 hatchlings are
known to have been produced in captivity in the
U.S. in the last ten years. This species will only
be brought back from the brink of extinction by
careful management and an essential collabora-
tion between national and international holdings.
The Yellow-headed Box Turtle (Cuora aurocapitata) is a
critically endangered species, with TSC among only a few
U.S. localities reproducing them. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
The TSC hatched its first Bourret's Box Turtle (Cuora
bourreti) in 2015. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
The Yellow-margined Box Turtle (Cuora flavomarginata)
is a species with a very successful TSA captive manage-
ment program. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
Over 20 critically endangered Vietnamese Pond Turtles
(Mauremys annamensis) were hatched at the TSC in
2015. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
The first successful reproduction of the Spiny Hill Turtle
(Heosemys spinosa) at the Turtle Survival Center oc-
curred in 2014. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
The TSC achieved its first successful reproduction of
Big-headed Turtles (Platysternon megacephalum) in
2015. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 07 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
One of the many benefits of opening the Turtle Survival Center in South Carolina has been our expanded ability to engage with the community through
outreach events. Connecting with people face-to-face can have a lasting impact, especially when that connection is made between a tortoise and a child!
We hope to continue to expand these efforts in the future and continue to foster ongoing, rewarding relationships with our neighbors in the Charleston area.
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
Making Connections
Ilze Astad and Christine Bowie
Backyard NatureScope provides an annual opportunity for students to learn from local environmental specialists and community businesses about what can be done to protect and enhance
their environment. The environmental field day is hosted by Berkeley County Kids Who Care, a local nonprofit aimed at educating children about the environment. PHOTO CREDIT: ILZE ASTAD
Visitors to the Turtle Survival Alliance booth at the
Charleston Earth Day Festival are wowed by TSA's rare
turtle ambassadors. PHOTO CREDIT: ILZE ASTAD
Carol Armell, TSC Operations Specialist, attends a community outreach event at Cypress Gardens in Berkeley County,
South Carolina. A variety of species from the Turtle Survival Center tagged along; front and center is a Burmese
Mountain Tortoise. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
december 2015 08 turtle survival
The Turtle Survival Center experienced a flurry
of construction in the past year with the goals
of completing the large, new Cuora Complex,
finishing the Sulawesi Greenhouse, extensively
renovating existing sites, and laying the ground-
work for exciting future projects.
THE NEW CUORA COMPLEX
One of the most significant projects of last
year was the completion of the Cuora Complex, a
high-security outdoor area for many of our Asian
box turtle species. The facilities crew worked
tirelessly for months to get the complex ready
for the 2015 spring breeding season. Thankfully,
Will McGuire Construction Company assisted
with the installation.
In total, more than 200 tons of dirt and sand,
along with 20 tons of mulch, were added to the
above ground enclosures. The secure, aviary-
style frame, consisting of more than 5,000
pounds of steel and 6,000 pounds of heavy-duty
wire, took over 100 hours to install. The frame
and wire are secured at the base by an extensive,
40,000 pound concrete footer that will prevent
any burrowing predators from entering the
complex. Beneath the soil and mulch of each en-
closure lies an extensive network of water pipes
supplying fresh water to all ponds.
The modern and secure complex contains four
separate units. There are two units for semi-terres-
trial box turtles, and two for fully aquatic species.
The units are fully modifiable, with each pair of
enclosures having a movable divider that allows
keepers to double the size of any enclosure when
needed. Within each semi-terrestrial unit are 12
separate enclosures, each equipped with a small con-
crete pond and a large concrete tunnel. The concrete
tunnel serves as an additional winter refuge.
Each fully aquatic unit also contains 12
separate enclosures. These differ from those
in the semi-terrestrial units by having larger
ponds. Each enclosure also has a nesting area
and refugia. The ponds in the fully aquatic unit
re-circulate water through a sump system buried
underground. This reduces the labor needed to
keep the ponds clean by allowing them to cycle
through, much as natural ponds would. All the
finishing touches, including a network of sprin-
klers, and a variety of edible plants to provide
shade and food for years to come, were added to
the complex in April.
THE SULAWESI GREENHOUSE
This year also saw the completion of another
significant project, the Sulawesi Greenhouse.
This 9m x 29m building currently houses a vari-
ety of tropical species, including the world's larg-
Expansion Continues at
the Turtle Survival Center
Nathan Haislip
A N I M A L M A N A G E M E N T
TURTLE SURVIVAL CENTER
Two large paddock-style fences were installed circling the perimeter of the Tortoise Barn to provide large yards for groups of Burmese Mountain Tortoises (Manouria emys phayrei)
and Burmese Star Tortoises (Geochelone platynota). PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 09 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
est known, acclimated captive group of Sulawesi
Forest Turtles (Leucocephalon yuwonoi). The Su-
lawesi Forest Turtles are housed individually in
medium Waterland Tubs to prevent aggression,
which is fairly common in this species, especially
during the breeding season. This greenhouse
is also home to a large population of Forsten's
Tortoise (Indotestudo forsteni), which are also
housed individually.
In addition to serving as habitat for both of
these species, the greenhouse is home to more
than 75 varieties of food-producing plants and
gives us the opportunity to grow a large variety
of tropical fruits and other plants not normally
grown in South Carolina. This capacity allows
us to produce food, on-site and year-round, for
resident turtles.
RENOVATIONS, UPGRADES, AND THE FUTURE
In addition to new construction, several
existing areas were renovated or upgraded this
year, including a new water circulation and
filtration system for the Hatchling Room, and
remodeling of the Animal Clinic.
Raising hatchling aquatic turtles is made
very labor intensive by the frequent need for
water changes. To reduce this workload, the
Hatchling Room is now equipped with a new
re-circulating system that allows us to house
numerous aquatic species on the same system.
That system sends water to the enclosures
through a pump located in a centralized sump
that contains various biological and mechanical
filtration media and a U.V. sterilizer to ensure
our hatchling enclosures always receive fresh,
clean water.
A designated incubation area was also incor-
porated for incubating eggs at varying tempera-
tures, depending on the needs of the particular
species. Other changes included the installation
of terrestrial turtle tables in front of two large
viewing windows to allow guests to view the
turtles without entering the room.
The busy construction year also saw the addi-
tion of two large paddocks to the Tortoise Barn.
These wooden-fenced areas provide a generous
amount of outdoor space for larger species such
as the Burmese Mountain Tortoise (Manouria
emys phayrei).
Animal Clinic upgrades included a donated
digital x-ray machine, new outdoor runs, and ex-
tensive interior remodeling to utilize previously
wasted space and to allow for expanded animal
holding. We were also able to build a secure
fenced area and kennel for the TSC's resident
guard dog, with the help of volunteers from the
North Carolina Zoo, as well as Jessica and Will
McGuire.
Perhaps the most useful, yet hidden improve-
ment came thanks to overall changes in property
slope and drainage. In 2013, torrential rains
halted construction and flooded much of the
property. Now, thanks to a newly installed drain-
age system, excess water flows off-site quickly
and efficiently.
During the installation of this system, South-
ard Brothers Construction Company also graded,
trenched, and prepared a number of additional
sites for a planned African Forest Tortoise
(Kinixys) facility and several Forest Complexes.
These preparations should keep the facilities
crew and our dedicated corps of volunteers busy
with new projects well into the future.
Contact: Nathan Haislip, Turtle Survival Center, PO Box
396, Cross, SC 29436 nhaislip@turtlesurvival.org
The Hatchling Room received a much-needed upgrade this year, greatly increasing the capacity for both aquatic and
terrestrial hatchling turtles. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
The Cuora Complex is the latest facility to be completed at the TSC, and has multiple layers of protection and secu-
rity. Forty-eight individual enclosures, half of them aquatic and half terrestrial, provide optimal breeding conditions for
some of the TSC's irreplaceable residents. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
december 2015 10 turtle survival
Veterinary staff at the Turtle Survival Center
enjoyed another fantastic year with the help and
support of many friends. The veterinary clinic
remodel started at the end of summer, 2014, as
walls were removed to open up space for the
laboratory, disinfection area, patient holding,
quarantine, and necropsy. Thanks to hard work-
ing staff and volunteers, the clinic's transforma-
tion, including conversion of an animal holding
room into a digital x-ray suite, was complete by
early fall.
Installation of a digital radiography unit,
generously donated by Midland X-ray, required
significant electrical upgrades completed just in
time for egg laying season this spring. The unit,
installed by Todd Pickler, has proven invaluable.
We also recently acquired a portable ultrasound
unit for hospital and field use.
The zoo community continued its gener-
ous support as Busch Gardens and White Oak
Conservation Center sent in veterinary supplies.
Peter Miller of Woodland Park Zoo facilitated
a grant from the American Association of Zoo-
keepers, Puget Sound chapter, which enabled
purchase of a Doppler unit to monitor patient
heart rates.
STAFFING SUPPORT
Institutional staffing support has been won-
derful. The TSC's consulting veterinarian, Dr.
Terry Norton, of the Georgia Sea Turtle Center,
sees our patients monthly, often bringing staff
and intern volunteers. Dr. Shane Boylan, TSC's
volunteer consulting veterinarian from the South
Carolina Aquarium has increased involvement;
and though we no longer need to borrow the
aquarium's X-ray unit, we do rely on Shane's
nearby expertise and high quality equipment
for diagnostics and supportive care. Dr. Jose
Biascoechea, of Birds and Exotics Animal Care in
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, has graciously
volunteered as a third consulting veterinarian.
In the spring, Zoo Atlanta sent Senior
Veterinarian Dr. Sam Rivera to help Dr. Norton
endoscopically sex a group of juvenile Northern
Spider Tortoises (Pyxis arachnoides brygooi). Ma-
Veterinary and Zoo Communities
Continue to Support the TSC
V E T E R I N A R Y U P D AT E
Sheena Koeth
rine biologist Christi Huges of the S.C. Aquarium
was on hand to observe and assist. Christi had
previously spent a week working at the TSC and
was a great help.
The National Aquarium in Baltimore kindly
lent us veterinary technician Sarah McMillen for
a week this year. Sarah exchanged her expertise
in Tracks, our new animal inventory software,
to learn about specialized turtle veterinary
care and the basics of reptile hematology. Sarah
reached out to help when she heard about the
TSA and TSC at the Association of Zoo Veteri-
nary Technicians Conference in 2014.
REPRODUCTION SUPPORT
In June, our friends at Cleveland Metroparks
Zoo (CMZ) dropped everything to help with
time-sensitive reproductive concerns with some
of our rarest animals. Zoo Endocrinologist, Dr.
Mandi Schook, and Associate Veterinarian, Dr.
Mike Selig, traveled to South Carolina to assess
the reproductive health of critically endangered
Zhou's Box Turtles (Cuora zhoui) and Indochi-
nese Box Turtles (Cuora galbinifrons). Dr. Boylan
hosted the procedures at the South Carolina
Aquarium, sharing his time, space, and equip-
ment for these vital assessments. CMZ assisted
again in August, flying Sheena to Cleveland with
urgent reproductive samples and less than 24
hours notice! We look forward to collaborating
with all of our partners on future veterinary
projects, and are grateful for their interest and
support.
Contact: Sheena Koeth, Turtle Survival Alliance, PO Box
369, Cross, SC 29436, USA, skoeth@turtlesurvival.org
Drs. Boylan, Norton, and Biascoechea work up a Forest Hinge Back Tortoise (Kinixys erosa) with Sheena.
PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 11 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
GENEROSITY IN THE LOW COUNTRY
Nathan Haislip
The TSA would like to extend thanks to the
following groups and individuals that have
donated goods to the Turtle Survival Center
this year.
Companies:
Acadian Wholesale Supply
Aquarium Innovations
Berkeley Electric Cooperative
Cambro Manufacturing
Centrex Plastics
Coastal Pet Products
Crescent Gardens
Cypress Gardens
DMF Bait Company
Dogswell
E. L. Mustee & Sons
Ecologic Technologies
Goose Creek Farmers Market
Grizzly Pet Products
Harry Barker
Hills Pet Nutrition
Hyam's Garden Center
ImClone Systems
J.P. Shellfish
Leerburg Training Company
Mempkin Abbey
Midlands Xray Company
North Carolina Botanical Garden
North Carolina Zoological Park
Nylabone
rePotme
Riverbanks Zoo
Saint Augustine Alligator Farm
Seagate
Southard Brothers Construction Company
TyTy Nursery
West Paw Designs
Woodland Park Zoo
ZooMed Laboratories, Inc.
Private Individuals:
Orlando Alvarez
Kate Butler
Roy Edwards
Maxine Finch
Mary Lou Googe Flanagan
Debra Hane
Roy Herpoisheimer
Jerry Hurd
Clarence and Shirley Mathis
Mike Swingle
Nancy Stewart
The Charleston, South Carolina region known locally as the low country has embraced the Turtle Survival Center as one
of its own, with businesses and private individuals supporting the center with frequent donations of goods that include food,
equipment, and supplies. The Turtle Survival Alliance would like to thank these generous individuals and organizations for gifts
ranging from worms to medical equipment. We genuinely appreciate your support.
Cypress Gardens has provided the Turtle Survival Center
with donations of numerous food-producing plants
this year truly a gift that keeps on giving! PHOTO CREDIT:
NATHAN HAISLIP
DMF Bait Company in Michigan makes standing dona-
tions of Canadian nightcrawlers to the TSC. PHOTO CREDIT:
NATHAN HAISLIP
The TSC hatchling room was remodeled this year to in-
corporate an incubation area. A large incubator, donated
by ImClone Systems in conjunction with St. Augustine
Alligator Farm, more than tripled our previous incubation
capacity. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
Crescent Gardens donated a large variety of sturdy
plastic plant saucers for the turtles at the Center, which
make good water dishes. A group of Spider Tortoises is
shown having a soak. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
Todd Pickler from Midlands X-rays donated a digital x-ray
machine and computer that revolutionized our veterinary
capacity at the TSC this year. Turtles are now quickly and
easily x-rayed on-site instead of having to be transported
off-site, reducing stress and time. Shown is a gravid
Yellow-Headed Box Turtle. PHOTO CREDIT: SHEENA KOETH
august 2014 12 turtle survival
THE MAKING OF A
WORLD CLASS CONSERVATION CENTER
Here are notable moments at the Turtle Survival Center since its inception in 2011.
2011
2012
2013
FEBRUARY
Landmark Decision
The TSA Board of Directors approves
the purchase of a 50-acre property in
coastal South Carolina to be developed
as a Turtle Survival Center.
AUGUST
Turtle Holding constructed. The facility
was originally built to isolate new arrivals,
but now provides winter holding for
cold-sensitive species including Hingeback
Tortoises, Spiny Turtles and Arakan Forest
Turtles.
OCTOBER
Carol Armell, Operations Specialist,
joins the Turtle Survival Center team.
AUGUST
The TSA announces plans
for the Turtle Survival Center
and launches capital campaign.
JANUARY
The TSA closes on the
Turtle Survival Center property.
Sheena Koeth, Veterinary Care Manager,
joins the Turtle Survival Center team.
FEBRUARY
Massive cleanup conducted & infrastructure
improvements including creating drainage fields,
installation of electrical wire and plumbing, and
placement of secure perimeter fence.
MARCH
Cris Hagen, Director of Animal Management,
moves to the Turtle Survival Center.
APRIL
Forest Complex completed. The complex
provides habitat for both tortoises & semi-
terrestrial forest species that require shady,
moist conditions.
MAY
Tortoise Barn completed. This facility houses
groups of Burmese Star Tortoises and Burmese
Mountain Tortoises and provides warm winter
quarters and shaded outdoor yards.
JUNE
Build it, they will come. First individuals of priority turtle
species moved to the Turtle Survival Center.
Thanks to many generous donors,
to date we have raised $1.44 million of our $1.6 million campaign goal.
Now we need your help to raise the remaining $160,000 to reach our goal.
Please contact us to discuss ways you can support the making of
a world class conservation center.
Ilze Astad, Director of Development
(843) 830-4040 or ilze.astad@turtlesurvival.org

a publication of the turtle survival alliance 13 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
2014
2015
The Turtle Survival Center (TSC) provides the TSA with the much-needed ability to manage
its captive assurance colony programs from a single location and to build healthy, self-sustaining captive
populations for many turtle and tortoise species that have little or no chance for survival in the wild.
FEBRUARY
Greenhouse construction completed.
JUNE
Installation of an extensive
drainage system to prevent
flooding and handle heavy rains.
AUGUST
Nathan Haislip, Facilities Manager
and Lead Keeper, arrives at the
Turtle Survival Center.
The veterinary clinic undergoes substantial
renovations. The updates include increasing
functionality for hospitalization and quaran-
tine, converting the exam room into a digital
radiography suite, doubling the size of animal
holding areas, and adding outdoor enclosures
for tortoises.
SEPTEMBER
Electrical upgrades are conducted to
incorporate a new generator and allow
for future growth.
OCTOBER
Greenhouse build-out completed.
This facility serves as the breeding
center for two highly endangered
Sulawesi (Indonesia) endemic species.
It provides tropical conditions due to
temperature and humidity control. The
plants grown here will provide
supplemental food for turtles.
NOVEMBER
Axel joins the security detail at the
Turtle Survival Center.
JANUARY
Hatchling Grow-out Room is outfitted with
a water recirculation and filtration system
for low-maintenance rearing of the many
anticipated hatchlings.
FEBRUARY
Gravel added to the driveway to aid with
water drainage and aesthetics on the Turtle
Survival Center property.
MARCH
Cuora Complex is completed. This complex
serves as the breeding center for our collection
of rare Asian box turtles, some of which are
possibly extinct in the wild. This facility will
allow for strict genetic management by
maintaining species in pairs. The complex
features double layers of security to protect
against theft and predation.
JULY
Clinton Doak, Chelonian Keeper,
joins the Turtle Survival Center team.
$400,000 +
Alan & Patricia Koval Foundation
$100,000 to $199,000
San Diego Zoo
$50,000 to $99,999
Clarence "Ab" Abercrombie, Detroit Zoo,
and Wildlife Conservation Society.
$25,000 to $49,999
Columbus Zoo, Bill Dennler, Disney's Animal
Kingdom, Fagus Foundation, Riverbanks Zoo &
Garden, Saint Louis Zoo, Sedgwick County Zoo,
David Shapiro, Virginia Zoo, Jacksonville Zoo &
Gardens, Oklahoma City Zoo & Botanical Garden,
Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium, San
Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium,
and Roy Young.
$10,000 to $24,999
Jay Allen, Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, Brian
Bolton, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo,
$10,000 to $24,999 (continued)
Dennis Coules, Dallas Zoo, John Iverson, Moody
Gardens, Walter Sedgwick, Brett & Nancy Stearns,
Steve Gott Memorial Fund, Turtle Conservation Fund,
Walde Research and Environmental Consulting, and
Zoo Atlanta.
$5,000 to $9,999
A Taste of Thai, BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo, Chelonian
Research Foundation, Desert Tortoise Council,
Dickerson Park Zoo, Matt Frankel, Houston Zoo, Bob
Olsen, Phoenix Zoo, Tennessee Aquarium, Virginia
Aquarium & Marine Science Center, and Bruce Weber.
$1,000 to $4,999
Akron Zoo, Audubon Zoo, AZFA Clark Waldram
Conservation Fund, Beardsley Zoo, Bergen
County Zoo, Brevard Zoo, Kurt Buhlmann & Tracey
Tuberville, Chevron Matching Funds, Faith Connelly,
Ellen Trout Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo, Tim Gregory, Henry
Vilas Zoo, Jenkinson's Aquarium, Kansas City Zoo,
Jeffrey Lang, Dwight Lawson, Lee Richardson
Zoo, Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens, Hersh
Markusfeld, George Meyer, National Aquarium,
National Zoological Park, Ed Neil, Noble Creek
Biological Consulting, North Carolina Zoological Park,
Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, Puget Sound AAZK
Chapter, David Simon, Frank & Kate Slavens, James
Stewart, Ron Tremper, Wildlife World Zoo & Aquarium,
and Woodland Park Zoo.
African Forest Tortoise Enclosures $30,000
Cuora Complex 2 $35,000
Cuora Complex 3 $35,000
Meadow Ponds $75,000
Quarantine Building $100,000
Security System upgrades $17,500
Tortoise Barn 2 $50,000
december 2015 14 turtle survival
AmeriCorps
Aquarium Innovations
Bill Edwards
Melissa Foote
Georgia Sea Turtle Center
Tom Hernandez
Roy Herpoisheimer
Jerry Hurd
Steve Ives
Will and Jessica McGuire
National Aquarium
North Carolina Zoo
Riverbanks Zoo
Smithsonian Zoo
South Carolina Aquarium
A Special Thanks
to our Volunteers
We would like to extend our gratitude to all of the individual volunteers and organizations that have offered
their help to the Turtle Survival Center, with special thanks to the following for their ongoing support:
Volunteers from AmeriCorps, Riverbanks Zoo, and the Georgia Sea Turtle Center made concrete hides that are being
used for a variety of animals in the Cuora Complex and Hatchling Room. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
Special thanks to Bill Edwards and Melissa Foote for
their continued volunteer support. Melissa's passion for
turtles and Bill's experience in the construction industry
have been very valuable and helpful. Thanks to them,
we also receive regular fruit and vegetable donations
from the Goose Creek Farmers Market.
PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
The National Aquarium in Baltimore sent the very talented
Sara McMillen to assist with veterinary treatments and
help train staff on using the Tracks animal records
program. Here she is helping Veterinary Care Manager
Sheena Koeth draw blood from a newly acquired Rote
Island Snake-necked Turtle (Chelodina mccordi).
PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN.
Staff from the North Carolina Zoo pitched in with the
guard dog area fence installation, helped move animals,
and gathered leaves for overwintering animals.
PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
Dynamic duo Will (shown) and Jessica McGuire visited
the center to give some much needed construction
assistance in 2015. More than 50 tons of concrete was
poured for the guard dog kennel area, large trees that
could potentially damage buildings were removed, and
they assisted with transferring animals from quarantine
to the Sulawesi Greenhouse. PHOTO CREDIT: NATHAN HAISLIP
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 15 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
C O N S E R VAT I O N N O T E S
Turtle Biology and Conservation Notes
This section summarizes brief updates on turtle biology and conservation from scattered field records and observations that are unlikely to be formally
published through other outlets. Submissions can include new locality records for species, exceptional size records, noteworthy observations of feeding,
reproduction, predation or other natural history aspects, as well as items to summarize recent developments regarding conservation of tortoises and
freshwater turtles world-wide, including (but not limited to) changes in laws and regulations covering turtles, establishment of protected areas of significance
to turtles, changes in the Red List status of turtles, and proposed changes to turtle taxonomy. Text sections should be short, and where possible link to
sources of more detailed information. Submissions of items for possible inclusion can be made at any time by emailing hlowe@turtlesurvival.org.
Conservation Notes
from the field
Pinzn Tortoise (Chelonoidis [niger] dunca-
nensis): A group of juveniles of this species was
discovered in the wild on Pinzn Island in the
Galapagos, the first in-situ born tortoises in over
100 years. They emerged from natural nests, and
survived, right in the first year after a compre-
hensive rat eradication program in 2012 treated
the entire island of Pinzn (1,815 hectares). The
Pinzn Tortoise survives on the island with
about 100 old residents, as well as over 400 sur-
viving reintroduced headstarted animals from
annual egg collection followed by incubation
and rearing to rat-proof size at the conservation
center on Santa Cruz. http://www.galapagos.
org/blog/pinzon-tortoise-survey-part2/
Alligator Snapping Turtles: Brian Folt and
Craig Guyer argued against recognition of M.
apalachicolae as distinct from M. temminckii,
while supporting continued acceptance of M.
suwanniensis. Folt & Guyer, 2015, doi: 10.11646/
zootaxa.3947.3.11
Golden Coin Turtles: Taxonomy of the
Asian box turtle genus Cuora was revised by
Ralph Tiedemann and co-workers, who analyzed
molecular and morphological data and concluded
that Cuora cyclornata, with its distinct subspe-
cies C. c. meieri, is recognizably different from C.
trifasciata. Tiedemann et al., 2014, Salamandra
50(3): 139146.
South American Tortoises: Storrs Olson
and Normand David argued that the linguistic
gender of the genus name Chelonoidis is mascu-
line, which necessitates changing the endings
of some species names, so that they become
carbonarius, denticulatus, niger, and phantasticus.
The name vicina remains unchanged. Olson &
David, 2014, Proc.Biol.Soc.Wash. 126(4):393394.
Asiatic Softshell Turtles: Uwe Fritz and
co-workers analyzed molecular systematics,
morphology, and biogeography of the Amyda
softshells, and recognized at least two species,
each with two subspecies. Amyda cartilaginea
cartilaginea occurs in Java and eastern Bor-
neo, while a new subspecies A. c. maculosa was
described from Sumatra and western Borneo.
The name ornata was revalidated for the species
of continental Southeast Asia, with the typical
Recently proposed changes
of scientific names of turtles
subspecies A. o. ornata inhabiting the Mekong
basin and A. o. phayrei occurring in Thailand and
Myanmar. Fritz et al., 2014, Vertebrate Zool-
ogy 64(2):229-243.
Asian Giant Softshells and Broad-shelled
Snakeneck Turtle: Raymond Hoser named two
new Pelochelys from India and Kalimantan, as
well as a new species and subspecies split out
from Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa, plus
a new subgenus for these three. For various rea-
sons it appears prudent not to use these names
for now. Hoser, 2014a, Australasian Journal of
Herpetology (AJH) 22:6064; Hoser, 2014b, AJH
24:311.
Seychelles Mud Turtle: After Stuckas,
Gemel & Fritz synonymized Pelusios seychel-
lensis under P. castaneus, Roger Bour carried out
further analysis and argued that the Seychelles
population merits taxonomic recognition at least
at subspecies level, as Pelusios castaneus seychel-
lensis. Stuckas et al, 2013, doi: 10.1371/journal.
pone.0057116; Bour, 2013, Chloniens 29:2741.
Turtle Extinctions: Anders Rhodin and
colleagues published a checklist of turtles
known to have existed and gone extinct in the
Pleistocene and Holocene. This period, from
+/-2.6 million years ago, is when humanity arose
and spread across the planet. Of the 84 extinct
chelonians, 69 are tortoises, indicating the se-
vere impact that humans had on their survival.
Rhodin et al., 2015, doi: 10.3854/crm.5.000e.
fossil.checklist.v1.2015
Research into turtle systematics continues to change the scientific names
of turtles. Here follows a summary of noteworthy name changes that have been
proposed since June 2014. Where possible, a Digital Object Identifier (doi)
number is given; the full citation and paper abstract are easily found by entering
the doi into any internet search engine.
LEGISLATIVE UPDATES
The two Madagascar tortoises Pyxis
arachnoides and Pyxis planicauda, and the
Pacific Pond Turtle (Emys (Actinemys) mar-
morata and E.(A). pallida), are under consid-
eration by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
for possible inclusion in the Endangered
Species Act. Docket Nos. FWSHQES
20140012 and FWSHQES20140013.
The Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra
serpentina) and the North American softs-
hell turtles (genus Apalone: Florida Softshell
A. ferox, Smooth Softshell A. mutica, and
Spiny Softshell A. spinifera) are under con-
sideration for inclusion in CITES Appendix
III (United States). Docket No. FWSHQ
ES20130052. for any of these species
In New Jersey, legislation is moving through
the New Jersey Congress to permanently close
the fishery for Diamondback Terrapins (Mala-
clemys terrapin). New Jersey, 216th Legislature,
Senate Bill S2615, House Bill A3932.
Peter Paul van Dijk
december 2015 16 turtle survival
There are myriad causes for the drastic decline
of Madagascar's tortoises. Overwhelmingly, the
most significant impacts come from poaching
and illegal trade. Juveniles are collected and
shipped out by the thousands to supply Asian pet
markets and adults are being poached for food.
Despite well-established laws, in effect since
1960, to protect the Radiated Tortoise (Astrochel-
ys radiata), compliance is poor in rural areas and
enforcement faces many challenges, particularly
in southern Madagascar.
ENACTMENT OF TRADITIONAL 'DINA' BY-LAW
BRINGS CHANGES
In 2012, the TSA and our partners began to
systematically address the poaching crisis by
launching a media campaign designed to focus
both local and global attention on the issue. The
results have been very encouraging, but perhaps
the most important single event in helping to
turn the tide on tortoise poaching is the 2012
adoption of the historic 'Dina' by-law officially
known as "Lilintane I Androy." The goal of the
Dina law is to empower local communities to be
Turning the Tide on Tortoise
Poaching Requires Action
on Multiple Fronts
Rick Hudson
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MADAGASCAR
Feeding confiscated tortoises at the rescue center at Ambovombe. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 17 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Andrea Currylow is conducting ecological research on three species of Madagascar tortoises, and oversees TSA's trial
reintroduction program.
Some of the 771 tortoises seized at the international airport in Antananarivo, including both Ploughshare and Radiated
Tortoises. PHOTO CREDIT: HERILALA RANDRIAMAHAZO
directly in charge of any wrongdoing regarding
tortoise protection in their villages.
The Dina is a "bottom up" community-based
law that reinforces the cultural tradition for
protecting tortoises that has existed in this
region for centuries. It is valid within the entire
Androy Region of Madagascar and allows villag-
ers to tackle tortoise harvesting in a transparent
manner through public participation. With the
potential to be a game changer for reducing tor-
toise poaching, its application needs to be spread
more widely throughout the region.
The Dina cannot be applied without a tra-
ditional ceremony that enables it to be imple-
mented in each of the four districts that form
the Androy Region. TSA has already conducted
Dina workshops in two districts: Tsihombe in
November 2014, and in Beloha during April 2015.
Aimed at community leaders and those with en-
forcement authority, the workshops have proved
successful in instilling local resolve not to "turn a
blind eye" to poachers.
Workshop participants agreed to collabora-
tively implement the Dina without exception,
and an action plan, valid for one year, was writ-
ten and signed by all present a plan that is being
implemented. In Tsihombe, for example, partici-
pants decided to set up a checkpoint just outside
the town to control cars. TSA and partnering
organizations supported the construction of
this first-of-its-kind road barrier built to address
tortoise trafficking in southern Madagascar.
ENFORCEMENT FINALLY TAKING HOLD
Sylvain Mahazotahy, TSA's Law Enforce-
ment Instructor, is the key person charged
with administering Dina implementation. He is
considered far more effective than any other law
enforcement officers within the region due to his
strong will and direct involvement. As a result of
his activities and influence, TSA has produced 40
applications of the Dina.
Most of these actions were possible because
of the exemplary leadership by the head of the
district in Beloha. In partnership with TSA, the
Beloha District agreed to create a volunteer group
The Tortoise Patrol to champion the Dina
implementation. Over a three-week period, and
armed with an official letter from the District,
Sylvain and his 33 volunteers visited every village
to organize the Lilintane and relevant practices.
His group used shell remains from recently
killed tortoises, found nearby, as incriminat-
ing evidence of Dina violations. In August 2014,
following the largest mass slaughter of tortoises
on record 5,000 near Tranavaho they chased
down and arrested the 42 poachers involved
and sent them to jail in Ambovombe, where they
remained for nearly ten months.
These are historic events. Previously, poachers
were rarely arrested for killing tortoises, and the
arrests strongly indicate that the tide is turning.
Visitors in the south now encounter a heightened
sense of awareness amongst the local peoples
regarding the tortoise poaching crisis along with a
strengthened resolve to tackle the issue.
TORTOISE CONFISCATIONS IN 2015
As predicted, increased training and aware-
ness, coupled with improved enforcement and
Dina application, have resulted in an increased
number of confiscated tortoises. To address this
december 2015 18 turtle survival
issue, the TSA built four rescue centers in the
main cities of southern Madagascar: Ambo-
vombe, Ampanihy, Betioky and Beloha.
The Beloha facility was recently built with
generous support from our partner, Utah's Hogle
Zoo, and is the best built and most secure of the
four centers. TSA currently employs eight per-
manent staff, four caretakers and four security
guards, at the facilities to manage and secure the
four triage centers.
At present, of the 825 tortoises under the care
of TSA, 88% are Radiated Tortoises, while the
remaining 12% are Spider Tortoises (Pyxis arach-
noides). Custom officers at Ivato International
Airport in Antananarivo seized 67% of these
tortoises and the remaining 33% are the result of
increased local enforcement.
Confiscation frequency at the airport has
been reduced significantly, with two cases this
year compared to the year before, when we saw
an average of one confiscation per month during
the first six months of 2014. With a total of 1,489
tortoises seized, May and June of 2014 were the
worst months in confiscation throughout the his-
tory of TSA's involvement.
But then, on 28 September, Malagasy Customs
officials scanning luggage discovered a staggering
771 wild native tortoises concealed in two wooden
boxes at Antananarivo's Ivato International Air-
port. TSA was called upon to receive the tortoises,
among them eight Ploughshare tortoises, Astrochel-
ys yniphora. Of the 763 Radiated Tortoises, 23 were
already dead and many others were very weak. The
shipment had been destined for Malaysia using
the cargo service of Air Mauritius. Its seizure was
described by Customs as the largest ever of its kind
at either the airport or in the country.
PREPARING FOR REPATRIATION
The large number of Radiated Tortoises
recovered from the illegal trade began to over-
whelm our rescue facilities and hastened the
need for a quick, sound repatriation strategy.
We began engaging local villages and com-
munity members to establish a good working
partnership with the ultimate goal of creat-
ing a safe haven for the reintroduction of the
tortoises. We found willing collaborators in the
village of Ampotaka, in southern Madagascar.
Ampotaka now plays a key role in our science-
based reintroduction strategy.
The strategy includes the testing of two
approaches: a soft versus hard release. The
soft release strategy includes animals that are
held for either six or 12 months in temporary
enclosures, within suitable habitat, prior to
release. The hard release strategy includes tor-
toises that are immediately released without
prior penning. Monitoring the movements and
habits of tortoises will help us understand the
importance of soft releasing in order to encour-
age site fidelity.
Site fidelity is the tendency to remain in
the general vicinity where released. From past
experience, we know that hard released tortoises
usually wander away from unfamiliar terri-
tories. Our challenge is to encourage them to
remain nearby within the ecologically optimal,
community-protected, sacred forest.
Soary Randrianjafizanaka, a graduate stu-
Unpacking tortoises in a pre-release enclosure where they will spend six months prior to being released. This
research is designed to test the effectiveness of pre-release penning on site fidelity following release.
Grad student Soary Randrianjafizanaka collects data on released Radiated Tortoises in the field with members of the
Ampotoka community
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 19 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Confiscations of illegally collected Radiated Tortoises
surged toward the end of 2015, and all four of the TSA's
rescue centers a fifth facility is underway soon are
at full capacity, with another ~2,000 tortoises being
cared for in Antananarivo. Ultimately the completion of
the Tortoise Conservation Center will ease this burden
and allow for improved long-term care and options for
the future. PHOTO CREDIT: HERILALA RANDRIAMAHAZO
dent at the University of Tulear, is conducting
surveys at the reintroduction site to determine
the density of the resident tortoise popula-
tion. Soary also acts as a community liaison for
the TSA by communicating project goals and
conducting conservation education. In 2013,
she supervised the construction of the required
temporary enclosures and participated in a
traditional ceremony signifying community
support for the project.
READY FOR REINTRODUCTION
In January 2014, the first group of 45 soft
release tortoises was transferred to the site.
A second group of 45 arrived later, in July,
representing the 12-month and 6-month groups.
Both groups had been long-term captives from
the Village des Tortues in Ifaty. Twelve resident
tortoises were fitted with radio-transmitters and
monitoring was initiated by local village assis-
tants. Monitoring of all the animals is currently
being conducted by community members, Soary,
and the TSA staff.
In January 2015, we brought the final group
of 39 tortoises to the site as the hard-release
group. These animals had been housed in two of
TSA's rescue centers in Ampanihy and Betioky.
The Ampotaka community welcomed the arrival
and, in preparation for the release, held a formal
meeting to brief locals from the village and sur-
rounding communities.
Despite a cultural taboo against disturbing
the tortoises, many local people are inter-
Winning Hearts and Respect for Radiated Tortoises
One Community and Soccer Match At a Time
In November 2014, TSA launched a unique campaign in southern Madagascar to utilize
this island nation's love of soccer to support the Radiated Tortoise Conservation Awareness
Program. The initiative, called Soccer for Sokake (the local word for Radiated Tortoise),
used the sport to facilitate learning about the conservation of local wildlife in the village of
Lavanono a community that is key to the conservation of this species, and where local
stewardship is essential to its survival. Thirty donated Ultra-durable, One World Futbols
were essential to the program and to the games initiated in the community.
Soccer for Sokake was a partnership between Utah's Hogle Zoo, Turtle Survival Alliance,
and One World Play Project, and part of a continuing community awareness program to
support our reintroduction strategy for Radiated Tortoises. Its goal was to strengthen com-
munity capacity for tortoise conservation education and action through a culturally relevant
activity soccer.
The program's core messages included: "Wildlife conservation requires teamwork; Become
a defender of wildlife by not supporting illegal collection; and Radiated Tortoises occur
nowhere else, and it's everyone's job to protect them!" The messages were shared through
an adult mentorship program called Conservation Coaches, and were featured prominently
at field stations and in classroom activities that gave children opportunities to improve their
soccer skills while learning about conservation, tortoises and local wildlife.
Before arrival in Lavanono, twenty Conservation Coaches led the community in a three-
month long project to create a soccer field in the village. Coaches and kids selected animal
mascots for the ten soccer teams participating in the program, including: lemurs, wild
turkey, guinea fowl, snakes, freshwater turtles, and of course, tortoises.
Soccer for Sokake participants crafted wearable animal masks and costumes to learn about
wildlife and connect to conservation through fun and creative play. Both kids and coaches
learned more about wildlife in the spiny forest by writing and performing poems and songs
about their animal mascots, and by illustrating team banners. In the afternoon, kids played
in a weeklong soccer tournament, which benefited from more than 200 new uniforms,
cleats, socks, and the One World Futbols we provided.
The program culminated with the raucous, high-stakes final game of the soccer tourna-
ment. The game was preceded by an uplifting animal parade that wove through the village
with song, dance, and speeches of goodwill for the partnership and commitment to tortoise
conservation. Following a pinning and certificate ceremony, where every participant was
acknowledged for their contribution, the village hosted a traditional celebration shared
by several hundred people. It was a wonderfully festive event that clearly enhanced local
tortoise knowledge and goodwill.
ested in why international organizations are
investing in their communities. They want to
learn more and participate; so additional local
volunteers were selected to join the tracking
team, allowing us to monitor the tortoises
more closely.
One hundred and eight tortoises were fitted
with radio-transmitters so their movements
and habitat use can be monitored for at least
two years. We removed the enclosure fences to
release the animals to freely wander the forests.
It was gratifying to see tortoises that had gone
through so much once destined to become food
rescued, and then held in captivity for months
or years, to survive to this point and be released
into good forest habitat.
december 2015 20 turtle survival
TORTOISE CONSERVATION CENTER THE FINAL
PIECE IN CONSERVATION STRATEGY
As the various pieces of TSA's Confiscation
to Reintroduction Strategy begin to coalesce,
there was one very important component still
missing. The TSA needs a centralized base of
operations in the south, where we can bring
the growing number of confiscated tortoises
for long-term holding and proper health and
genetic evaluations prior to release. We need a
counterpart facility to the Village des Tortues
Center at Ifaty on the west coast, where most
confiscated tortoises now end up. This Center is
currently holding many, many tortoises, and to
avoid the risk of catastrophic loss by having all
our tortoises in just one basket, we must build a
second facility.
To that end, the Tortoise Confiscation Cen-
ter (TCC) will ultimately become the lynchpin
in TSA's tortoise reintroduction program,
and give us the ability to carefully plan future
releases. Detailed site plans were recently
developed in consultation with zoo and wildlife
facility designer, Nevin Lash of Ursa Inter-
national. The TCC received start-up funding
through a three-year grant from the Leona M.
and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. Utah's
Hogle Zoo has committed $15,000 to Year 1
construction, while other groups are organizing
to help raise funds.
Along with requisite tortoise management
areas, the TCC will include a vet clinic and isola-
tion area, dormitory space for visiting biologists,
kitchen and food prep areas for people and tor-
toises, meeting and conference space, an outdoor
classroom, staff housing, and vegetable gardens.
The TCC plans are ambitious and will require a
minimum of five years to complete given the pace
of construction work in the south.
In summary, TSA's long term commitment
to protecting the Radiated Tortoise (Astrochelys
radiata) has achieved extraordinary milestones,
with the future continuing to improve for this
Critically Endangered species.
Contact: Rick Hudson, 1989 Colonial Parkway, Fort
Worth, TX 76110 rhudson@fortworthzoo.org
Acknowledgements: TSA extends its gratitude to the
following organizations and donors for their support to
the Madagascar Tortoise Conservation Program: Leona
M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Utah's Hogle
Zoo, Conservation International, Los Angeles Zoo, Zoo
Miami, Turtle Conservation Fund, and Owen Griffiths/
Francois Leguat Ltd. TSA also salutes Andrea Currylow
for her energy, perseverance and commitment to the
tortoise reintroduction-research component of this
program. Soccer for Sokake was made possible by the
Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, Radiated Tortoise
Species Survival Plan, Toronto Zoo, and Boy Scouts of
America.
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MAIN ROADBlow-up Area
PERIMETER PATH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 21 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
India is renowned as the land of the tiger and
the elephant; many Indian gods are depicted
riding peacocks or tigers. But sadly, the revered
relationship that existed between people and
wildlife centuries ago has largely vanished, and
the protected areas, which comprise just 4% of
India's landscape, are now mere islands amidst a
sea of people. Protecting and recovering India's
wildlife presents a monumental task.
With 28 species of tortoises and freshwater
turtles, India has one of the most diverse chelo-
nian faunas in the world and ranks among the top
five Asian countries in regards to the importance
of its turtle conservation efforts. Over 40% of
Indian turtles are listed as either Endangered or
Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. A
rapidly expanding human population, coupled
with increasing exploitation of the area's water-
sheds, poses a significant threat to all riverine
species, including turtles.
Despite numerous challenges, TSA India is
steadily becoming a prominent turtle conserva-
tion force throughout the region. In addition to
maintaining key species conservation projects
throughout the country, TSA India continued
further advocacy over the past year by influ-
encing government policies, facilitating turtle
repatriation, setting up key facilities, and build-
ing new community partnerships all notable
achievements that will continue going forward.
Here is a summary of those accomplishments.
THE KUKRAIL GHARIAL AND TURTLE
REHABILITATION CENTER
Located in Lucknow, Northern India, the
Kukrail Center was established in 1978 by the
Uttar Pradesh Forest Department (UPFD) to help
recover wild populations of the Gharial (Gavialis
gangeticus). In fruition of the Ganga Action Plan
in the 1980's, freshwater turtle species were
added to the Center's collection. TSA India later
developed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) with the UPFD to strengthen ongoing
programs, and with the long-term objective of
developing a broad based, living collection of
threatened Indian chelonians.
Three hundred and ninety turtles of 12 North
Indian species currently reside at the Kukrail
Center. Four species of turtles, including the
Crowned River Turtle (Hardella thurjii) and
Peacock Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia hurum),
were recently added to the collection for captive
conservation and research.
To mark the beginning of a captive breeding
project at the center, one hundred and sixty one
turtles of two different species were headstarted
this year and released in Hakimpur Lake near
the Narora Atomic Power Station.
NEW ARRIVALS PROMPT CONSTRUCTION
Twenty sub-adult Red-crowned Roofed
Turtles (Batagur kachuga) were relocated to
the Kukrail Center from TSA's Garhaita Turtle
Conservation Center on the Chambal River. The
turtles were raised at Garhaita in an effort to cre-
ate assurance colonies of the species.
Their arrival prompted refurbishment to
supporting structures that had become dated,
including: the conversion of an old building into
a functional Laboratory for Aquatic Biology
(L.A.B.); the building of an isolation enclosure
for rescued turtles, along with a series of pens
to hold animals during education events; the
construction of a modest tortoise enclosure; and,
finally, the creation of a larger enclosure built es-
pecially for big river turtles and featuring a series
of seven deep pools.
We've continued our very popular Kukrail
Guided Nature Tour (KGNT), which educated
over 1,800 children about turtles and crocodiles
TSA India: Another
Successful Year
for Indian Turtle
Conservation
Shailendr a Singh, PhD, Lonnie McCaskill, and Daren R Riedle, PhD
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
INDIA
A long term turtle assemblage study has been initiated to collect baseline demographic data to improve conservation
management practices in Tarai, one of five Turtle Priority Areas. PHOTO CREDIT: BHASKER DIXIT
december 2015 22 turtle survival
over a series of 46 events held at the center.
Finally, with the Kukrail Center now serving
as the TSA India base office for all research and
veterinary activities, signage was renovated and
new graphics installed.
A WAY STATION FOR CONFISCATED CHELONIANS
Along with the many other key activities hap-
pening at the Kukrail Center, it also serves as the
main transit point for large-scale confiscations of
illegally traded and hunted chelonians through-
out the region. Over the last few months, Kukrail
Center successfully handled four large confisca-
tions involving 1,200 turtles representing four
different north Indian species. On the occasion
of World Turtle Day, we were able to assist with
the first-ever repatriation of 335 Spotted Pond
Turtles (Geoclemys hamiltoni) from Maharastra
to Lucknow.
Kukrail Center has also developed a mobile
rescue and rapid response unit. Besides rescu-
ing turtles, the TSA team aided in rescuing
individuals from several other species, including
Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica), Gharial
(Gavialis gangeticus), and Mugger (Crocodylus
palustris).
THE TERAI CONSERVATION PROGRAM
The Indian foothills of the Himalayas, also
known as the Terai region, is a turtle diversity
hotspot with 13 species of aquatic and semi-
aquatic turtles and one species of tortoise known
to occur there. TSA recognizes the Terai as
one of five Turtle Priority Areas (TPA) across
the country. This year, with support from the
Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund and the
Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund,
we were able to construct a community educa-
tion center and field research station along the
Ghaghra River in Bahraich district. This commu-
nity center marks the culmination of long-term
efforts in the region to demonstrate the linkage
between conservation and sustainable liveli-
hoods for local communities. Education efforts
also included a series of outreach programs in 35
riverside schools to raise awareness of the need
for freshwater vertebrate conservation.
RESEARCH AT TERAI
Field trials to test hoop nets with turtle
friendly modifications were concluded recently
and have yielded seminal information on mitigat-
ing incidental mortality (see sidebar for details).
Further, we also began sampling exercises to
establish baseline abundances and diversity of
turtles on the Sarju River. Preliminary data on
trade-offs between body size and reproductive
output on the Crowned River Turtle (Hardella
thurjii) was gathered, and twenty gravid females
were sampled and x-rayed during late August
and early September. Two H. thurjii females
were relocated to the Kukrail Center to induce
ovi-position. Of the two nests, one nest hatched
in late May and 9 hatchlings of H. thurjii are cur-
rently being maintained at the center.
To better aid the recovery and management
of diverse turtle communities in the Terai, we in-
stituted an assemblage level sampling protocol on
the Sarju and Ghaghra Rivers. Protocols include
collecting basic demographic information on all
species, assessing the variation in species rich-
ness and abundance at both up and downstream
sites, and the collection of environmental vari-
ables to identify habitat requirements for each
species. To date, we've sampled an upstream
(Katra Ghat) and downstream (Paska) site on
TSA's Chambal conservation project mainly focuses on the recovery Red Crowned Roofed Turtle. Established in
2006, the Garhaita Turtle center has been instrumental in head-starting hundred of hatchlings of the species and
teaching communities about aquatic wildlife conservation. PHOTO CREDIT: DAREN R RIEDLE
Former crocodile facilities at Kukrail Gharial Centre in Lucknow have been renovated for developing assurance colo-
nies of endangered turtles, such as these juvenile Narrow-headed softshell turtles that Shailendra Singh is moving.
PHOTO CREDIT: ARUNIMA SINGH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 23 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
the Sarju River. Five species of aquatic turtles
were captured at each site, but only four species
were common to both sites. The Indian Softshell
Turtle (Nilssonia gangetica) was only captured
at Katra Ghat, while the Indian Flapshell Turtle
(Lissemys punctata) was only captured down-
stream, near Paska. The Crowned River Turtle
(H. thurjii) comprised 82% of all captures at Kha-
tra Ghat, and this site most likely represents the
largest population of the species in the world.
We've made some headway in mitigating
threats in the Terai region through awareness
and outreach events, and unearthed some base-
line information on the status and reproductive
biology of H. thurjii. We aim to systematically
reform those involved in unsustainable activities;
such as the clandestine trapping of large Hardella
females, the use of illegal fishing gear, and riv-
erside agriculture, by providing local residents
with the necessary infrastructure and know-how
towards adopting sustainable alternatives.
BATAGUR CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN CHAMBAL
AND UPPER GANGA
The Batagur Conservation Program main-
tains a continuing nest protection program
for the Red-crowned Roofed Turtle (Batagur
kachuga) and Three Striped Roofed Turtle, (B.
dhongoka). This year, three makeshift riverside
hatcheries, set up along the upper, middle, and
lower stretches of the Chambal River at Baroli,
Raipur Khurd, and at Garha, faced the challenge
of an unexpected flood.
During late March there was an erratic release
of water possibly due to untimely rain from an
upstream dam. The release resulted in the inunda-
tion of key nesting sites along our three hatcher-
ies. Fortunately, our team rescued all 81 nests
near Baroli. Thirty-one nests near Raipur Khurd,
which have been shifted to higher points on the
same sandbar, were also saved. A remaining 187
nests were moved into plastic containers as there
was no dry sand left on the Garha sand bar.
Adult male Northern River Terrapins basking at the Sanjekhali Centre. TSA and West Bengal Forest Department initiated a recovery program for this critically endangered species
in 2012. PHOTO CREDIT: JAYANTA BASU
These juvenile Northern River Terrapins have been fitted with sonic transmitters and will be released in winter 2016
as part of a pilot reintroduction program. PHOTO CREDIT: SHAILENDRA SINGH
december 2015 24 turtle survival
We evaluated flood damage using a motor-
boat along known nesting areas on the river to
determine losses. Our survey indicated the flooding
of over 300 wild turtle nests in a 150+ kilometer
stretch of river essentially from Rajghat to Barahi.
Despite this calamity, we protected 88 nests of B.
kachuga and 321 nests of B. dhongoka at our three
riverside hatcheries, and released over 1,400 hatch-
lings of B. kachuga near their original nesting sites.
HATCHLINGS AND DATA WILL TRAVEL
We recently deployed temperature recorders
in a few wild nests, and also at relocated hatchery
nests, to compare incubation temperatures.
Four clutches, consisting of 59 hatchlings of B.
kachuga along with accompanying temperature
data, were transferred to TSA's Garhaita Turtle
Survival Center for sex determination and head-
starting. We have yet to perform laparoscopic
investigations on these hatchlings. Another 100
hatchlings of B. kachuga were transferred to the
Deori Eco-centre along the middle Chambal.
After a comprehensive health assessment, we
PIT tagged and "soft" released 191 B. kachuga and
63 B. dhongoka from the Garhaita facility. During
the winter, the released cohort was caged for
five months in a backwater along the river. This
strategy helped reduce winter mortalities in the
field-based facility.
Previously headstarted B. kachuga sub-
adults with sonic transmitters were monitored
during post-monsoon and winters. We were
able to locate 7 individuals out of a total of
10 released. The preliminary result sug-
gests movement over 200 to 250 kilometers
downstream. While monitoring these turtles,
we also eliminated over 20 clandestine sets of
fishing gear from the water and rescued 19 net-
entangled turtles representing five different
species.
A THRIVING HEAD START
The Batagur Conservation Program, in as-
sociation with the Narora Atomic Power Station,
was able to build a headstart facility for Batagur
species near Narora on the Upper Ganga River.
This particular section of the river was identified
as a Ramsar Site a Wetland of International
Importance in 2009.
During this field season we protected seven
nests of B. dhongoka in this important area, and
incubated them at our headstarting facility. One
hundred and thirty-two hatchlings emerged
during late May and are currently being main-
tained at the facility. Additionally, 24 hatchlings
of B. dhongoka, started last year at this facility,
As part of the Emerging Wildlife Conservation Leaders Program, we
partnered with TSA India to reduce freshwater turtle bycatchthe
third biggest threat to India's freshwater turtles. Because the gill
nets India's local fishermen use to catch fish for subsistence also
capture and drown turtles, we developed alternative nets that
reduce turtle bycatch while still catching fish.
We designed four modifications for hoop nets: 1) excluding turtles
from entering the nets by adding vertical bars at the net entrance,
2) enabling turtles to escape through a "chimney" at the top of
the net, 3) enabling turtles to escape through an opening in the
top of the net covered with loose rubber or string, and 4) enabling
captured turtles to survive until the net is checked by building air
chambers in the nets. The modifications have been tested in the
U.S., but not in Asia.
Thus far, TSA India has conducted testing on the Sarju, Ghagra,
and Yamuna rivers. At first, several turtles drowned possibly
because the modifications were not appropriately sized for turtles
in the area and fish catch was low. However, as we adjusted the
modifications, turtle mortality decreased considerably. Fish catch
continues to present a challenge, although we alleviated the prob-
lem by using strongly-scented baits.
Author Contact Information: Elly Pepper, Natural Resources Defense Council, 1152
15th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005, epepper@nrdc.org
Reducing Freshwater Turtle Bycatch by Developing Alternative Fishing Nets
Shailendra Singh, Elly Pepper, Jake Li, Anna Harris, Peter Lalampaa, Gabriella Skollar
The TSA India team, with help from local fishermen, prepare to test an alternative
fishing net a hoop net modified with a chimney escape device in India's Sarju
River with the aim of reducing freshwater turtle bycatch. PHOTO CREDIT: SAURAV GAWAN
A batch of recently hatched Indian Narrow-head Soft-
shell Turtles at the Kukrail Gharial Centre. PHOTO CREDIT:
ARUNIMA SINGH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 25 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
were marked and released at the precise loca-
tion of nest collection. This project has served
as a unique model of a well-coordinated govern-
ment and NGO partnership for turtle conserva-
tion in the region.
Another regional target species is the Indian
Narrow Headed Turtle (Chitra indica). C. indica is
a highly elusive and large softshell turtle species
found in the fast flowing river waters of Northern
India. The species is extensively sought after for
illegal trade. We surveyed a 100 kilometer stretch
of the Yamuna River, from Bateshawar to the
confluence of the Chambal and Yamuna Rivers,
and identified 3 new nesting sites. We protected
4 nests, a total of 382 eggs, by moving them to a
riverside hatchery along a stretch of the Yamuna
River. One hundred and forty-five hatchlings
were released at the precise location of nesting.
Two additional nests were protected along the
Ganga River near Narora, with 110 turtles kept
throughout the winter at the Narora facility and
released in March.
NORTHERN RIVER TERRAPIN
CONSERVATION PROJECT
There are now less than 50 Northern River
Terrapin (Batagur baska) adults left in the
entire world. TSA, in close association with
the West Bengal Forest Department, is work-
ing with 12 (7.5) of these remaining adults to
recover the species. In mid-January, 2015,
Dr Gerald Kuchling supervised the laparo-
scopic sexing of captive juveniles hatched
between 2012 and 2014. The majority of the 145
juveniles held at the Sajnekhali Forest Station
within the Sunderban Tiger Reserve were
found to be female. The laparoscopic exams
identified 25 males and 120 females. Informa-
tion regarding gender-ratio may be extremely
helpful in adjusting reintroduction, transloca-
tion, and captive breeding initiatives in the
future. All the juveniles were tagged with
Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) tags
for further identification and data collection
concerning development of secondary sexual
characteristics over time.
Finishing up a busy year, we fixed sonic-
transmitters on two juvenile females from
the 2012 batch to check the efficacy of our
equipment and observe its impact on the
animal's behavior. Renovations to the nesting
enclosure this year included a new sand lining
and predator-proof fencing. All four females
transferred to this enclosure during late Febru-
ary nested during early March. All four nests
have yet to hatch.
ASSAM TURTLE CONSERVATION PROGRAM
This year saw the conversion of the old mon-
goose enclosure at the Assam Zoo into the Assam
Roofed Turtle (Pangshura sylhetensis) Conserva-
tion Facility. The new facility will house up to 50
animals for display and conservation breeding
purposes. To inaugurate the new facility, Mr.
Atuwa Munda, Forest Minister for the State of
Assam, released six Assam Roofed Turtles in
celebration of World Turtle Day on 23 May. The
facility has running water, a modest physical
filter, a large sand bank covering over 40% of the
total area, and lots of natural cover essential for
this small, hard-shell turtle of the Brahmapu-
tra's River system. Preliminary surveys for the
occurrence and nesting of the species in upper
Brahmaputra are currently underway.
PROTECTING BLACK SOFTSHELL TURTLES
We've continued to maintain our Black Soft-
shell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans) captive conser-
vation project in the Nagshankar Temple along
the Brahmaputra River in the state of Assam. The
project's objective is to protect nests, headstart
the hatchlings, and supplement decimated wild
populations.
We hope to meet these objectives through
husbandry improvement and increased aware-
ness among the temple committees and devotees.
We also continue to document additional temples
and village ponds that contain N. nigricans so
we can network colonies and use them to help
recover wild populations. This year we protected
8 nests with a total of 198 eggs of N. nigricans
currently under incubation at our facility.
CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMS
Along with everything else TSA India has ac-
complished this year, we've continued to expand
our capacity building programs for various target
groups such as children, teachers, frontline forest
department staff, riverside community members,
and reformed turtle poachers.
Programs have been held at various project
locations and on significant occasions such as:
National Wildlife Week, World Wetland Day,
International Biodiversity Day, and World
Turtle Day. Resource materials, such as posters,
handouts, badges, and bands for participants
have been developed and augmented by resource
materials inaugurated by government ministers
and top government officials.
In total, we've conducted over 46 turtle
conservation awareness events while educating
and training over 20,000 stakeholders in vital
matters of chelonian conservation.
Contacts: Turtle Survival Alliance, D1/317, Sector F,
Jankipuram, Lucknow, India 226021, shai@turtlesur-
vival.org
Acknowledgements: We thank the Forest Department of
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam,
and Maharashtra for logistic support and necessary
authorisations. We would also like to thank particular
Forest Department officers: SK Upadhyay, Ravi Srivas-
tava, Pradeep Shukla, Pradeep Vyas, SP Rayal, Soumitra
Dasgupta, Sanjay Srivastava, Vincent Rahim, Anil Kumar
Patel, Chandan Bora, Gurmeet Singh, MP Singh, Suresh
Chandra Rajput, Biplab Bhaumik, Suresh Pal Singh. We
also thank the TSA Board, especially Rick Hudson and
Andrew Walde, for their continued guidance and sup-
port. Patricia Koval and Walter Sedgwick are profusely
thanked for supporting the Kukrail Project. Heather
Lowe and Christine Bowie have provided outstanding
administrative support to the project. Dr Gerald Kuchling
is appreciated for volunteering his time for the sexing of
B. baska. We would also like to thank the Madras Croco-
dile Bank Trust Centre for Herpetology, Assam State
Zoo and Botanic Garden, National Power Corporation
Limited, Nagaland Zoological Garden, Emerging Wildlife
Conservation Leaders, and Air India for supporting our
ongoing conservation efforts. The Disney Conservation
Fund, Mohamad Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund,
Turtle Conservation Fund, Turtle Limited, MP Biodi-
versity Board, People's Trust for Endangered Species,
British Chelonia Group, IUCN- Save our Species (SOS),
Auckland Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo, and the Phoenix Zoo
are sincerely thanked for financially supporting various
projects and initiatives. The TSA India crew included
Aradhna Singh, Akash Singh, Arunima Singh, Ashutosh
Tripathi, Bhasker Dixit, Chaitra Baliga, Disha Sharma,
Raja Mandal, Satish Kumar, Saurav Gawan, Shailendra
Singh, Shashwat Sirsi, and Rishikesh Sharma. Special
thanks go to our numerous field assistants for support-
ing the projects.
TSA researchers collect data on turtles in Tarai. Such
studies are instrumental in monitoring key surviving
populations of threatened species and allow for im-
proved conservation management and planning. PHOTO
CREDIT: FRACK BONIN
december 2015 26 turtle survival
A new, more southerly breeding facility has been
established for relocation of part of an in situ
bred population of the Northern River Terrapin
(Batagur baska). The facility is at the Karamjal
Eco-Tourism Center a Forest Station of the
Bangladesh Forest Department in the Sundar-
bans a region considered to be the former
historic distribution range of this species.
The new facility marks an important starting
point for future release projects. Additionally, it
will serve as security backup to continue B. baska
breeding efforts by increasing and providing
sufficient space. The move was made possible
with support from the Zoological Society for the
Conservation of Species and Populations (ZGAP),
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Herpetologie und Ter-
rarienkunde (DGHT) and the European Union of
Aquarium Curators (EUAC).
The colony at Bhawal National Park currently
includes eight females, 14 males and 132 juve-
niles. As reported in the 2014 issue of Turtle Sur-
vival, the breeding pond at Bhawal was renovated
and partitioned to include isolated sections. After
receiving genetic information on relatedness
for all the terrapins, five unrelated pairs were
introduced into the new pond divisions before
this year's breeding season. So far, three nests are
documented, with a total of 47 undamaged eggs.
Unlike the successful construction work re-
lationships established in Bhawal, negotiations
with contractors in Karamjal proved chal-
lenging. Fear of tiger attacks and biting fleas,
along with transportation problems, caused a
termination of arrangements with contractors
from the town of Mongla. Eventually, local labor
was arranged and contracted workers from the
nearby village were signed on. The first round
of materials, for area demarcation and pond
construction, was finally ordered in November
Northern River Terrapins
Head South to New
Karamjal Breeding Facility
Doris Preininger, Anton Weissenbacher, Rupali Ghosh and Peter Pr aschag
Release of four adult male Batagur baska in the new facility in Karamjal is overseen by our collaborators from the Forest Department Bangladesh and IUCN Bangladesh.
PHOTO CREDIT: ANTON WEISSENBACHER & RUPALI GHOSH
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E S
BANGLADESH
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 27 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
2014. Meanwhile, newly hired workers began
clearing the area of shrubs and bushes, and
additional workers from the nearby villages of
Bhajonkhali, Dangmari, and the house Smith
from Pabna, arrived to begin construction of a
breeding pond (13m x 40m) with a sand beach
for nesting (13m x 5m). There were often as
many as 70 workers on site at the same time.
TSA'S Rupali Ghosh visited Karamjal at
just the right moment, arriving the same time
as a new sand shipment. She was able to make
recommendations on slope steepness, and ap-
prove pond depths as the beach was filled with
sand. By the end of November, workers were
able to focus on the next tasks: constructing two
juvenile ponds (10m x 5m each), the hatchling
rearing tank, and new fencing.
Our combined efforts, aided by local support,
made for fast progress. Work continued on ce-
ment pillars, wall construction, and the installa-
tion of barbed-wire fencing. By mid-December,
the project was nearly complete. Only the finish-
ing touches, such as a water change in the ponds,
and tiger fern planting, remained to finalize the
new B. baska conservation and breeding facility.
We hoped to transfer individuals to the
new site as soon as possible. Unfortunately, a
labor strike, paralyzing the country since the
beginning of 2015, made travel to and from
Karamjal nearly impossible. Co-workers had a
difficult time reaching Bhawal National Park,
located only 29 miles / 47 km., from Dhaka, and
transport of the terrapins to Karamjal had to be
postponed several times. The situation finally
resolved and Anton Weissenbacher, Peter Pra-
schag and Rupali Ghosh finally visited Bhawal
National Park in May 2015.
The team measured all individual terra-
pins, took blood samples, and tagged recently
acquired females and the hatchlings from
2014. We were then able to arrange transporta-
tion for relocation of the terrapins to the new
facility, and all reached the breeding center in
Karamjal after an arduous seven hour car ride
to the town of Mongla followed by a two hour
boat trip through the mangrove forests of the
Sundarbans.
Partners and collaborators from the Forest
Department Bangladesh (Dr. Sunil Kumar Kundu
and Mr. Jahidul Kabir), along with two IUCN
Bangladesh members (Mr. Ishtiq Uddin Ahmad,
and Mr. Dipu A.B.M. Sarowar Alam) joined us
when we released the first four males and ten ju-
veniles from 2012 into the new Karamjal ponds.
We were also delighted to welcome crocodile
conservationist Rom Whittaker who was there
for the event.
Two additional adult terrapins joined the new
Karamjal group a week later, providing us with
the successful foundation for a second breeding
project in Bangladesh.
A sustainable reintroduction of B. baska will
still require the finding of suitable habitat and
nesting beaches for a wild population. However,
future field surveys and continued tracking of
terrapins will help yield more habitat informa-
tion and bring us closer to that goal.
Contacts: Anton Weissenbacher and Doris Preininger,
Vienna Zoo, Maxingstrae 13b, 1130 Vienna, Austria,
d.preininger@zoovienna.at; a.weissenbacher@zoovi-
enna.at
Rupali Ghosh, Shant Kamal Kunj, 1, Shakti Colony,
Rajkot 360001, Gujarat, India, rghosh@turtle-island.at
Peter Praschag, Turtle Island, Am Katzelbach 98, 8054
Graz, Austria, ppraschag@turtle-island.at
The large pond in the foreground was constructed for adult individuals. Those in the back will be used as a hatchery
for juveniles. PHOTO CREDIT: ANTON WEISSENBACHER & RUPALI GHOSH
One of the released juveniles seems to have settled quickly into its new home. PHOTO CREDIT: ANTON WEISSENBACHER & RUPALI GHOSH
december 2015 28 turtle survival
The Turtle Survival Alliance and Wildlife Conser-
vation Society (TSA/WCS) Team scored several
significant victories this year in the fight to save
the critically endangered turtles of Myanmar. As
in past years, we continued to focus on those spe-
cies endemic, or nearly so, to Myanmar, namely
the Burmese Star Tortoise (Geochelone platyno-
ta), Burmese Roofed Turtle (Batagur trivittata),
Arakan Forest Turtle (Heosemys depressa), and
the Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia
formosa).
All of these species have received significant
conservation effort and are classified as Endan-
gered or Critically Endangered by the IUCN
after being decimated by decades of relentless
over-harvesting to supply food, medicine, and pet
markets just across Myanmar's northern border,
in China.
BURMESE STAR TORTOISE REINTRODUCTION
The centerpiece of our success continues to
be the reintroduction of captive bred, headstart-
ed Burmese Star Tortoises into protected areas
within the dry zone of central Myanmar.
Once common in this desert-like region
mean annual precipitation in the dry zone is
comparable to that of western Texas unremit-
ting demand from foreign pet markets drove the
Star Tortoise to near-extinction in the late 1990s.
By the mid-2000s, viable wild populations were
a thing of the past and the Star Tortoise survived
only in three TSA/WCS-funded assurance
colonies in Myanmar. Fortunately, Star Tortoises
reproduce readily in captivity and thousands of
offspring are now hatching every year. About
2,000 have hatched in 2015 alone.
Because the ultimate goal of any in situ breed-
ing program should be to reestablish viable wild
populations rather than simply stockpile animals
Notable Victories in the Fight to Save
Myanmar's Critically Endangered Turtles
Steven G. Platt, K alyar Platt, Me Me Soe, Win Ko Ko, Khin Myo Myo, Tint Lwin, and Myo Minh Win
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
MYANMAR
A headstarted Burmese Roofed Turtle basks at the new grow-out pond at the TSA/WCS Base camp in Limpha Village along the upper Chindwin River. PHOTO CREDIT: STEVEN G. PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 29 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Villagers prepare to release headstarted Burmese Roofed Turtles into Nam Thalet Chaung, a tributary of the Chindwin
River. Note the radio transmitters attached to the carapace of many of the turtles. PHOTO CREDIT: BY STEVEN G. PLATT
Before being released, the carapace of each headstarted Burmese Star Tortoise is permanently tattooed with a unique
identification and Buddhist icons in hopes of deterring poachers. PHOTO CREDIT: STEVEN G. PLATT
in captivity, we initiated an experimental pro-
gram in 2013 to reintroduce captive bred Star
Tortoises at Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary
(MWS) where local animist beliefs held that
spirits dwelling in a nearby mountain would
protect them from harm.
Three pens, each encompassing 1 hectare
of natural grassland and scrub habitat, were
constructed in the sanctuary and stocked with
150 subadult (5-7 year old) tortoises in November
2013. This 'soft release' approach allows tortoises
to become acquainted with their new surround-
ings before groups of 50 are released at intervals
of 6, 12, and 18 months. The idea behind this
approach is that on-site penning makes the tor-
toises less likely to wander from the release area.
This is of especial concern to us because MWS
is surrounded by farmland and the safety of any
tortoise that might venture onto these lands can-
not be guaranteed.
Even more importantly, the illicit wildlife
trade continues to pose a serious threat to the
future of Star Tortoises in Myanmar and con-
stant vigil must be maintained to guard against
poachers.
To this end, sanctuary rangers are stationed
at the holding pens 24 hours a day, seven days
a week and they conduct regular, aggressive
patrols throughout the sanctuary. Shallow pits
filled with sharpened bamboo punji stakes are
concealed along likely avenues of approach to
deal with any poacher who might slip past the
rangers in hopes of purloining a tortoise from the
pens.
A WILDLY SUCCESSFUL RELEASE
We released the first group of 50 tortoises in
May 2014, the second in November 2014, and the
third in May 2015. We expanded the program
in late 2014, with the construction of three, 2
hectare holding pens in a different area of the
sanctuary. Next, 300 subadult tortoises, in ap-
proximately equal sex ratio, were selected from
the assurance colonies, and after all were indi-
vidually examined and given a clean bill of health
by a team of visiting Bronx Zoo veterinarians,
were transferred into the pens to be liberated
within the coming year.
Per standard operating procedure, each
tortoise is affixed with a radio transmitter so that
it can be tracked after being liberated. Each one
is also permanently tattooed with an individual
identification number and Buddhist iconography
to deter poachers. So far, results are promising:
150 tortoises now roam free and another 300 in
the holding pens await release.
Encouragingly, survival has proven much
higher than we expected with only 11 tortoises
lost. Several fell victim to feral dogs or jackals,
others died after being mauled by large rats,
and some simply turned up dead with no clue
as to their demise. Much like natural selection,
reintroduction can be viewed as a winnowing
process and perhaps these individuals simply
failed to pack the Darwinian gear necessary for
survival in the wild.
Balanced against these losses, several females
have been observed laying eggs, both before
and after release from the holding pens. What's
more, biweekly telemetry monitoring by teams of
sanctuary rangers and TSA/WCS staff revealed
that most tortoises remain within 1.0 km of the
holding pens, even months after being liberated.
This finding suggests the soft release approach
has imbued the tortoises with some degree of
site fidelity and ultimately keeps them within
the confines of the sanctuary where they can be
effectively protected.
december 2015 30 turtle survival
PROGRAM CHALLENGES AT SHWE SETTAW
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Hoping to reinforce our success by using
what was learned at MWS to replicate efforts at
a second protected area, we recently initiated
another reintroduction program at Shwe Settaw
Wildlife Sanctuary (SSWS). Comprising over
44,000 hectares of deciduous forest habitat, and
home to the largest surviving herd of Endan-
gered Eld's Deer in Myanmar, SSWS could host
a Star Tortoise population numbering in the tens
of thousands. Achieving this objective will no
doubt prove far more challenging than returning
tortoises to MWS.
Local animist beliefs that might provide an
umbrella of protection for Star Tortoises are
nonexistent at SSWS. Additionally, although the
SSWS is officially a 'protected area', enforce-
ment of regulations protecting wildlife has been
Headstarted Burmese Star Tortoise found constructing a nest and laying eggs in a pre-release holding pen at Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary. PHOTO CREDIT: ME ME SOE
TSA/WCS Turtle Team members Myo Minh Win (left) and Zaw Zaw (right) search for released Burmese Roofed Turtles
from a promontory on Pagoda Island in the Chindwin River near Limpha Village. PHOTO CREDIT: STEVEN G. PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 31 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
lax to non-existent for many years. To address
these issues, TSA and WCS staff are conducting
a sustained conservation education program in
the many villages that ring the sanctuary, along
with carrying out an intensive training course for
SSWS rangers.
Soft release holding pens are currently being
built deep within the sanctuary and well away
from its borders. Once completed, 300 captive
bred Star Tortoises will be ensconced behind
the high bamboo fences to become familiar
with their surroundings before being liberated.
Additional groups of tortoises are slated to join
them in the coming years with the ultimate goal
of restoring the Star Tortoise as a functional
member of the biota at SSWS.
BURMESE ROOFED TURTLE CONSERVATION
AND REINTRODUCTION
Great strides were also made this year in
Burmese Roofed Turtle conservation. Consid-
ered one of the most critically endangered turtles
in the world, wild Burmese Roofed Turtles are
now confined to a remote stretch of the upper
Chindwin River where less than 10 adult females
and an unknown number of males cling precari-
ously to survival.
There is no doubt the species would have
gone the way of the Dodo had not an integrated
in situ and ex situ conservation program been
implemented by TSA and WCS in 2006. Combin-
ing an assurance colony at the Mandalay Zoo
with an egg collection and headstarting program
along the upper Chindwin River slowly brought
the number of surviving Roofed Turtles up to
almost 700 by 2015.
Given this numerical buffer against biological
extinction, we felt the time had come to return
headstarted Roofed Turtles into the wild. From
2012 into 2014, we conducted a wide-ranging as-
sessment of potential release areas and ultimate-
ly identified two areas where the reintroduction
of Roofed Turtles is likely to succeed. The first
is a stretch of the upper Chindwin River near
Limpha Village, already inhabited by several
nesting females. The second is along the Nam
Thalet Chaung, a relatively pristine tributary of
the Chindwin that merges into the main river
near Htamanthi.
Once the release areas were identified, the
first task was to move 160 headstarted Roofed
Turtles from the Mandalay Zoo to our remote
basecamp in Limpha Village. Sixty of these
turtles would be returned to the wild, while the
remaining 100 were destined for an assurance
colony being established at the headquarters of
Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary.
Getting the turtles to Limpha Village was
a weeklong ordeal involving an overland truck
journey along rutted jungle tracks awash in mud,
followed by a 160 km boat trip up the Chindwin
River.
Upon arriving at Limpha, the turtles were
immediately released into two large concrete
grow-out ponds and given a month to recuperate
from their arduous journey. In the meantime, we
constructed soft release holding pens on beaches
along the Chindwin River and Nam Thalet
Chaung.
Given that few reintroductions of river
turtles have ever been attempted and there
was virtually nothing in the scientific litera-
ture to guide our efforts, we designed a simple
experiment to test the efficacy of penning to
diminish post-release dispersal two groups
of 30 turtles would be released at each site; 15
would be released immediately without being
penned, while the remaining 15 would be held
for 30 days in a riverside pen and then set free.
VHF radio transmitters were attached to 15
turtles, with seven or eight of those within two
groups destined to be liberated in each river,
giving us the ability to track their post-release
movements.
COMMUNITY CELEBRATES THE RETURN OF
'AIKE' OCCUPANTS
The release of Burmese Roofed Turtle came
first at the village of Limpha, and later at a beach
along the Nam Thalet Chaung. Release ceremo-
nies at both sites were well attended by govern-
ment officials and crowds of villagers. Following
talks by TSA/WCS team members, the turtles
were ceremonially 'donated' to attending Bud-
dhist monks who then blessed them before being
either being released into the river or placed in a
holding pen.
Thirty days later, the pens were opened and
within hours the turtles began to disperse. On
the Chindwin River, most turtles moved only
1-2 km up- or downstream from the release site,
many taking up residence in deep holes, called
aikes in Burmese, that according to local lore,
once harbored resident Roofed Turtles. On the
Nam Thalet Chaung, one turtle swam over 30
km to the confluence with the Chindwin River
before it disappeared. This turtle was the excep-
tion, as the others simply found the nearest
aike and took up residence. As on the Chindwin
River, local fishermen assured us that these same
aikes were home to Roofed Turtles in the not so
distant past.
Although it is still too early to judge the
Forest Department rangers and TSA/WCS field staff release headstarted Burmese Star Tortoises into a holding pen at
Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary. Tortoises are provided with food succulent vegetation for the first few weeks after be-
ing placed in the pen, but quickly learn to forage for themselves. PHOTO CREDIT: ME ME SOE
december 2015 32 turtle survival
success or failure of this reintroduction, early ob-
servations bode well for the future of the Roofed
Turtle. The acid test will come later this year as
the wet season commences. Floodwaters surging
down the rivers may sweep the turtles down-
stream into heavily fished stretches laced with
deadly monofilament nets, or they may remain in
the relative safety of the release areas. Only time,
and continued monitoring by our dedicated field
staff, will tell.
OTHER CONSERVATION ACTION
The TSA/WCS Turtle Team continues to
oversee the in situ propagation of endangered
chelonians in Myanmar as an adjunct to field
programs. In addition to the spectacularly suc-
cessful Star Tortoise breeding program that is
producing 1,500 to 2,000 hatchlings every year,
two assurance colonies of Asian Brown Tortoises
(Manouria emys phayrei) are now established.
First attempts to incubate Brown Tortoise
eggs under natural conditions last year ended in
failure when ants ate through the eggshells and
devoured the developing embryos. To remedy the
situation, this year we collected the eggs shortly
after laying and the clutches are being incubated
in Styrofoam boxes.
Notable success was achieved in breeding
Roofed Turtles at the Mandalay Zoo; 51 eggs
hatched successfully, with others still incubating
at the time of this writing.
ENDANGERED TURTLE BREEDS FOR THE
FIRST TIME IN CAPTIVITY
A significant 'first' occurred at the Mandalay
Zoo when a Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle
(Nilssonia formosa) deposited a clutch of eggs, 12
of which later hatched. To our knowledge, this
event marks the first successful breeding of this
endangered species in captivity.
In another notable achievement this year,
three Arakan Forest Turtle (Heosemys depressa)
hatchlings emerged from eggs deposited at the
assurance colony in Gwa. Unlike in past years
when egg laying went unnoticed by keepers
because these turtles are extremely secretive,
even in captivity, this year's nesting was not
only observed but also filmed by Hein Htet, a
Yangon University doctoral student conducting
field research on Arakan Forest Turtles for his
dissertation.
Finally, a survey of pagodas throughout
coastal regions of Myanmar bore fruit when
Win Ko Ko discovered two Estuarine Terrapins
(Batagur baska) languishing in a pond near
Moulmein. One turtle was hauled from the pond
and found to be a female, while the sex of the
second remains undetermined. Negotiations are
currently underway to secure what may be the
only two surviving Estuarine Terrapins in Myan-
mar for an incipient assurance colony.
Contacts: Steven G. Platt (sgplatt@gmail.com), Kalyar
Platt, Me Me Soe, Win Ko Ko, Khin Myo Myo, Tint Lwin,
and Myo Minh Win: Turtle Survival Alliance and Wildlife
Conservation Society, Building C-1, Aye Yeik Mon 1st
Street, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Union of Myanmar.
Acknowledgements: For their steadfast and generous
support of the TSA/WCS Myanmar Turtle Conservation
Program, we wish to recognize the following donors:
Andrew Sabin and the Sabin Family Foundation, Andrew
Walde, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Helmsley
Charitable Trust, Holohil Systems, Ltd., Panaphil Foun-
dation, Patricia Koval and WWF Canada, Turtle Conser-
vation Fund, and the Wildlife Conservation Society.
More than 1,500 Burmese Star Tortoises are being hatched every year at three assurance colonies in Myanmar. These
tortoises will be headstarted and eventually released at wildlife sanctuaries throughout their former distribution in the dry
zone of central Myanmar. PHOTO CREDIT: STEVEN G. PLATT
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 33 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
With its vast size, and a varied geography rang-
ing over 17,500 different islands, Indonesia is
surpassed only by Brazil in its rich biodiversity.
With a tropical climate and equatorial location,
Indonesia also ranks fifth in the world regarding
diversity of turtle species; equal to both China
and Brazil.
Among the 31 turtle species found here, three
are endemic. Five Indonesian turtle species
are currently listed among the World's 25 Most
Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles as
determined by the Turtle Conservation Coalition.
These include the Rote Island Snake-necked Tur-
tle (Chelodina mccordi), the Asian Narrow-headed
Softshell Turtle (Chitra chitra), the Southern River
Terrapin (Batagur affinis), the Sulawesi Forest
Turtle (Leucocephalon yuwonii), and the Painted
River Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis).
Indonesian turtle and tortoise species have
endured high levels of egg harvesting as villagers
collect them to eat or sell at local markets. These
animals also face nest predation by wild pigs and
monitor lizards and increasing habitat destruc-
tion as mangrove forests are destroyed and lost.
More conservation efforts are clearly needed to
help overcome these challenges.
SATUCITA FOUNDATION BOOSTS
CONSERVATION OF B. BORNEOENSIS
Currently, the Painted River Terrapin (B.
borneoensis) is the only Indonesian chelonian on
which field conservation activities are focused.
B. borneoensis is dependent on the mangrove
ecosystem for food and habitat. The loss of
riverine vegetation has played a large role in the
species' decline as mangrove swamps are rapidly
converted for argiculture, charcoal production,
and oil palm plantations.
To help overcome these threats, the Satucita
Foundation has organized annual nesting patrols
and tree planting to secure eggs from poaching
and provide needed forage and habitat. The Satu-
cita Foundation has also engaged in community
education with over 5,000 villagers learning
about the conservation needs of the Painted
River Terrapin in Aceh Province, Sumatra.
The educational program has led to the
formation of two community groups who planted
more than 10,000 Mangrove Apple trees (Son-
neratia sp.), a favorite food of the Painted River
Terrapin. The turtles often congregate under
these trees within the flooded mangroves to wait
for the ripened fruit to fall.
HELP NEEDED TO EXPAND CONSERVATION
EFFORTS
After the protected eggs hatch, B. borneoen-
sis juveniles are kept for headstarting at the
Foundation's headstarting and education center.
As of 2015, 167 Painted River Terrapin hatchlings
have been released back into the wild. In 2016,
we'll begin monitoring released turtles thanks
to a generous donation of equipment from Walde
Research and Environmental Consulting.
Illegal egg harvesting and destruction of riv-
erine vegetation continue, while many ecologi-
cal and biological aspects of this species are not
adequately understood and haven't been studied.
Conservation planning is compromised while
these threats continue to impact the Painted
River Terrapin, as well as all other endangered
freshwater turtles and tortoises throughout
Indonesia. A TSA Indonesia Program is seriously
needed to play an important role in helping to
ensure their continued survival in the future.
Contacts: Joko Guntoro, Yayasan Satucita Lestari
Indonesia, Kejuruan Muda, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia.
jokoguntoro@gmail.com
Acknowledgements: Thank yous go to BKSDA Aceh and
Aceh Tamiang Local Government for their collabora-
tion. Supporting organizations include: Turtle Survival
Alliance, Turtle Conservation Fund, Pertamina EP Field
Rantau, Chester Zoo, Mohammed bin Zayed Species
Conservation Fund, and the Phoenix Zoo.
Painted River Terrapin
Conservation Underway
in Aceh, Sumatra
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
INDONESIA
Joko Guntoro
Painted Terrapins occasionally bask on sandy riverbanks to regulate body temperature. This image was captured on
the Tamiang River at sunset. PHOTO CREDIT: JOKO GUNTURO
Joko Gunturo records GPS coordinates of traps deployed
during field surveys to monitor Painted Terrapin popula-
tions in the Tamiang River. PHOTO CREDIT: YUSRIONO
december 2015 34 turtle survival
The Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle (Rafetus
swinhoei) is not only one of the largest fresh-
water turtles in the world, but also the most
critically endangered. The species is on the
brink of extinction, with only two individuals
known to survive in China an old male in the
Suzhou Zoo and a female in the Changsha Zoo.
Chelonian experts from China, the USA, and
Thailand along with support from the Turtle
Survival Alliance (TSA) and others are racing
to acquire the breeding and fertility knowledge
necessary to save them.
AN EMERGENCY BREEDING PROGRAM
A breeding program initiated by TSA in 2008
led to the female laying between 180 and 220
eggs annually, in the late spring or early summer.
Sadly, the eggs turned out to be infertile, with no
hatchlings produced and no embryonic develop-
ment demonstrated. Semen evaluation and an at-
tempt at artificial insemination had been planned
as early as four years ago, but at the last moment,
the male's owner, the Suzhou Zoo, declined per-
mission for the procedure to go ahead.
Unable to test their method of sperm collec-
tion with the Rafetus male, Dr. Wachira Kitima-
sak of the Kanchanaburi Inland Fisheries Devel-
opment Center, Thailand, and a veterinary team
headed by Dr. Nantarika Chansue of the Aquatic
Animal Disease Research Center, Chulalongkorn
University, Thailand, successfully trialed semen
collection with the species Amyda cartilaginea.
Despite the earlier setback, the team estab-
Rafetus swinhoei in China still
on the brink despite eight years
of captive breeding attempts
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
CHINA
Ger ald Kuchling and Lu Shunqing
Electroejaculation and semen collection of Rafetus swinhoei, 06 May 2015. PHOTO CREDIT: PAUL CALLE
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 35 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
lished a protocol using the method of electroe-
jaculation to collect the semen of large softshell
turtles, and provided important preliminary
information on semen quality (Kuchling, G.,
Shunqing, L., and King, E. 2011: The fourth year
of Rafetus swinhoei breeding attempts in China.
Turtle Survival 2011:78-79).
Further investigation occurred in July 2014,
as Kaitlin Croyle of the San Diego Zoo Institute
for Conservation Research, examined the vitelline
membrane of some of the Rafetus eggs. Her tests
failed to detect any sperm heads, suggesting that
no fertilization had occurred. Questions regard-
ing the viability of the male turtle's sperm and
whether he was able to successfully copulate and
inseminate the female now had to be answered.
AGREEMENT TO MOVE FORWARD
FACES A SETBACK
In order to provide urgently needed answers
to these questions and move the breeding pro-
gram forward, the Changsha Zoo, Suzhou Zoo,
China Zoo Society, TSA, and WCS-China signed
a memorandum of understanding to perform
semen collection and evaluation in the spring of
2015. The agreement specifically assured that if
motile sperm could be demonstrated during the
evaluation, the team was to perform immediate
artificial insemination of the Rafetus female.
Artificial insemination has not been dem-
onstrated to be successful in any turtle species.
Planned trials to establish how to best perform
artificial insemination with a similarly large,
female Amyda, in early 2015, were cancelled due
to unfortunate, last minute obstacles. The team
was faced with the possibility of postponing the
scheduled attempt at artificial insemination with
the Rafetus female and the subsequent loss of an-
other breeding season. The delay also threatened
to terminate the Rafetus breeding program in
China as the female was supposed to move back
to the Changsha Zoo later this year.
WORKING AGAINST TIME
Despite reduced chances for success, we
went ahead with the challenging procedure on
06 May 2015 the world's first AI attempt with
the only known female of a species is obviously
a problematic endeavor without prior trials in a
more common species.
The team included Chinese scientists and
veterinarians from the Changsha Zoo, Suzhou
Zoo, China Zoo Society, Chengdu Giant Panda
Breeding Centre, Dr. Barbara Durrant of the San
Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research,
and Dr. Paul Calle of the Wildlife Conservation
Society - Bronx Zoo.
Electroejaculation was successfully per-
formed following the Amyda protocol. The good
news was that the male is still producing sperm
despite his old age. The relatively small volume
of collected semen contained motile sperm,
although in low density and with many damaged
spermatozoa (e.g. broken tails). The bad news
was that his penis is heavily scarred, relatively
thin, and the complex structures of the glans
penis of softshell turtles, including seminal
grooves, are missing.
Due to his severely damaged and scarred
penis, the male appears unable to either copulate
successfully with the female or to transfer semen
into the area of the female cloaca where it is
needed to facilitate egg fertilization. Given this
predicament, artificial insemination is now the
only chance to produce offspring. Knowing this,
we placed all collected semen into the urodeum
in the cloaca of the female.
NEW INFORMATION MAY BREED SUCCESS
Frustratingly, the eggs of three subsequent
clutches in 2015 were again infertile. We knew
from the beginning that low semen quantity and
sperm quality reduced chances for success, but now
it appears that specific sperm placement may also
be important. Further study of the penis morphol-
ogy of big softshell turtles suggests that semen may
have to be deposited directly into both oviducts,
which open independently into the cloaca.
We speculate that low semen quality may have
been related to the fact that semen collection took
place toward the end of the mating season, which
commences in late September and October, and
ends in May. We plan to repeat semen collection
and artificial insemination in October 2015 to take
advantage of the natural mating cycle and hope
for better semen quantity and quality.
Prior to the October semen collection, we
plan trials with females of other species of large
softshell turtles to find out how best to locate the
oviduct openings into the cloaca for semen place-
ment. We're confident the female Rafetus, once
correctly inseminated, can then store sperm until
the next breeding season in the spring of 2016.
ANOTHER RAFETUS IN THE RED RIVER?
A large softshell turtle, observed by local people
in the Chinese part of the Red River, was spotted
again in April 2015. Presumed to be a Rafetus, it
has not been captured despite intensive trapping.
The effort to locate another breeding individual is
critical as global turtle experts work against time to
save this highly endangered species.
Contacts: Gerald Kuchling, Chelonia Enterprises, 28
Tokay Lane, The Vines, WA 6069, Australia, Gerald.
Kuchling@uwa.edu.au; Lu Shunqing WCS China, Life
and Environment Sciences College, Huangshan Univer-
sity, No. 39, Xihai Road, Huangshan, Anhui Province, P.
R. China 245041, lusq@hsu.edu.cn
Acknowledgement: For technical assistance on 06 May
2015 we thank: Barbara Durrant (San Diego Zoo), Paul
Calle (WCS), Emily King (TSA), Steve Platt (WCS); Chen
Daqing, Di Min, Sun Aiguo, Tang Enen, Tang Deqi, Chen
Jing Han Shichang, Liu Xing Feng Qi, Lu Fang (Suzhou
Zoo); Yan Xiahui, Lu Qingtao, Yang Junlong (Changsha
Zoo); Liu Nonglin (China Zoo Society); and Liu Hong,
Liu JIawen, Wang Juan (Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding
Centre). In addition we thank Peter Praschag and Thom-
as Hildebrandt for the opportunity to explore the penis
morphology of some softshell turtles. We acknowledge
financial support by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden
and the Turtle Conservation Fund (TCF).
Artificial insemination of Rafetus swinhoei, 06 May 2015. PHOTO CREDIT: PAUL CALLE
december 2015 36 turtle survival
The Hicatee Conservation and Research Center
(HCRC) has seen a lot of activity over the past
year, with expanded infrastructure, the hiring
of a full-time staff member, and the addition of
22 Central American River Turtles (Dermatemys
mawii). The center's primary mission is to pro-
tect and restore D. mawii, locally known as the
Hicatee, the lone surviving representative of the
family Dermatemydidae.
Based out of the Belize Foundation for Re-
search and Environmental Education (BFREE)
field station in southern Belize, the HCRC facility
is designed for the captive breeding of the spe-
cies, and has already experienced spectacular
and surprising success with the arrival of seven
healthy new Hicatee hatchlings!
NEW RESIDENTS, NEW MANAGEMENT
After the introduction of 22 Hicatee into one
of the breeding ponds during the spring of 2014,
it was clear that a full-time staff member was
needed to oversee the new residents. HCRC's
new Facility Manager, Thomas Pop, was hired
based on extensive, firsthand experience with
the Hicatee while working with Dr. Thomas
Rainwater on TSA's countrywide survey in 2010.
Tom has also worked on various BFREE research
projects, including Harpy eagles, jaguars, and
sedges. Under the guidance of BFREE Executive
Director Jacob Marlin, he quickly adapted to the
vital role of Hicatee turtle feedings and observa-
tions, while also expertly maintaining the facil-
ity, grounds and equipment.
Soon after assuming his new role at HCRC,
Tom raised the water level of the breeding pond
in an attempt to replicate natural river conditions
during flooding in order to stimulate egg laying.
A few days later, on 5 December 2014, eight eggs
were found buried in the soil at the pond's edge.
The unanticipated clutch, so quickly following
the turtles' placement in captivity, now required
an equally quick plan of action.
After consultation with experts, the eggs
were removed from the nest and placed in artifi-
cial incubation chambers in a stable and secure
indoor environment. The clutch was divided
into two groups with different humidity levels.
Because no incubator was available, the ambient
temperature determined the incubation tempera-
ture. Of the eight eggs, one was infertile, while
the other seven quickly banded and then stopped.
We had no idea if they were in diapause or if they
had died, so were both thrilled and relieved on
14 June when the first of seven Hicatee turtles
pipped and hatched.
Growing quickly and eating voraciously, the
hatchlings have more than doubled their birth
weight in the first three months of life. They are
currently in the process of being moved from
temporary setups to a custom-made 6'x4'x18"
enclosure at the HCRC, where they will spend
the next year under close observation.
FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS
The HCRC, with the help of Belize Aqua-
culture Limited (BAL Shrimp), has undergone
additional facility improvements to better sup-
port its residents and associated research. Leaks
in the second pond were identified and repaired,
ultimately allowing for the opening of two fully
functioning turtle ponds. Nesting areas were
created and continue to be modified based on in-
formation learned from local sources and derived
from the deposit location of the first clutch. Ad-
ditionally, a new processing station was built in
order to collect routine data and perform regular
health checks on the Hicatee. The repair and in-
troduction of the second pond allowed the turtles
to be divided into two groups one consisting
of two adult males and ten reproductive size fe-
males, and the other consisting of one adult male
and nine sub-adult females of varying sizes.
Hicatee Conservation
and Research
Center Produces
Its First Hatchlings
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
BELIZE
A Hicatee hatchling pictured at one week old. PHOTO CREDIT: HEATHER BARRETT
Heather Barrett
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 37 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
TSA VISIT PROVIDES EXPERT ASSISTANCE
A TSA team including Dr. Shane Boylan, Rick
Hudson, Dr. Thomas Rainwater, and Mallory
Clark visited BFREE in February, 2015 to work
alongside Tom Pop and Jacob Marlin conducting
evaluations of the turtles' health and reproduc-
tive status.
The team created husbandry and manage-
ment protocols, tested water quality, discussed
nesting habitat based on the current nest, de-
veloped incubation techniques based on group
knowledge of the embryonic diapause that eggs
of this species undergo, and began preparations
for a film that would document the goals of the
project. Dr. Boylan and Rick Hudson returned
in August for a second time to conduct another
round of health checks on both adults and
hatchlings.
During each visit, Shane Boylan, DVM, an
outstanding chelonian clinician with a broad
knowledge of water quality and testing, brought
a portable ultrasound to evaluate the females'
reproductive status. An ultrasound conducted
during the August visit concluded that the largest
female (weight 10 kg, carapace length 43.4 cm)
had large follicles and was reproductively active.
HCRC continues to monitor the turtles, pay-
ing special attention to the reproductive female,
with three motion sensing cameras and video
surveillance installed to capture nesting behav-
ior something that has never been observed
in the wild or captivity. The collected observa-
tions on feeding and nesting behaviors will
help to establish a reliable management plan for
successful breeding of D. mawii in captivity. Our
hope is that these actions will eventually lead
to a sustainable and larger-scale effort intended
to reduce the various pressures plaguing wild
populations of Hicatee.
Contact Heather Barrett, Belize Foundation for Research
and Environmental Education, hbarrett@bfreebz.org US
Address: 2602 NW 6th Street, Suite D, Gainesville, FL
32609.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Associa-
tion of Zoos and Aquariums and Disney Worldwide Con-
servation Fund for their financial support for research
occurring at the HCRC. Additionally we would like to
acknowledge the support of the following organizations
and individuals: Belize Aquaculture Limited, Jacksonville
Zoo, Dr. Thomas Rainwater (USFWS), Shane Boylan,
DVM (South Carolina Aquarium), Mallory Clark (Ms Mal-
lory Adventures), Nichole Bishop (UF PhD student), as
well as BFREE Staff members: Sipriano Canti, Marcelino
Pop, Elmer Tzalam, Fernandes Sho, and Marlyn Cruz,
and BFREE/HCRC Volunteers: Mark Mummaw, Lindsey
Gordon and Jordyn Mulder.
Announcing the 2nd
Hicatee Conservation
Forum and Workshop,
including the IUCN
Red List Meeting for
Dermatemys mawii
When: February 25-26, 2016
Where: BFREE Field Station,
Toledo District, Belize
For info, contact: Heather Barrett,
hbarrett@bfreebz.org
Dr. Shane Boylan (South Carolina Aquarium) performs ultrasound exams on female Hicatee to assess reproductive
status. PHOTO CREDIT: MALLORY CLARK
HCRC manager Tom Pop retrieves turtles from the capture net so they can undergo health assessments and reproduc-
tive evaluations. PHOTO CREDIT: RICK HUDSON
december 2015 38 turtle survival
The Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) and Wildlife
Conservation Society (WCS) joint turtle conser-
vation program continues to work for Colombia's
most imperiled chelonian species. Ongoing proj-
ects by this active partnership include efforts to
conserve the Magdalena River Turtle (Podocne-
mis lewyana) and Dahl's Toad Headed Turtle
(Mesoclemmys dahli). We have also implemented
research and concrete action to conserve two
other threatened species: the Giant South Ameri-
can River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa), and the
Red-footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria).
CONSERVING IMPORTANT HABITAT FOR THE
GIANT SOUTH AMERICAN RIVER TURTLE
Podocnemis expansa inhabits the Amazon and
Orinoco river basins. It is one of the most heavily
exploited species in the region, and has experi-
enced a generalized decline in numbers. There
are very few studied or protected P. expansa
populations in Colombia, so there is an urgent
need to evaluate additional conservation sites.
In response, Fundacin Omacha, in collabo-
ration with the TSA/WCS program, launched
a conservation initiative for the species on a
section of the Meta River running through the
Orinoquia region on the eastern plains of Colom-
bia. This effort is part of a larger initiative led by
WCS and Ecopetrol (Colombia's largest oil com-
pany), which is trying to conserve ten landscape
species in Colombia. Previous work by Fundacin
Omacha identified the Meta River site as having
potential as a conservation area that already
includes a population of nesting females.
In 2014, the project began working in coop-
eration with the local communities of La Virgen
and La Culebra in the states of Arauca and Vi-
chada. We established conservation agreements
to set aside protected nesting beaches; conduct
surveillance of the protected beaches to reduce
mortality of reproducing females and their eggs;
monitor reproductive parameters during the
nesting season; and to evaluate the effectiveness
of the various conservation efforts.
SUCCESS ON THE META RIVER
From January to May 2015, the team work-
ing in cooperation with community members,
conducted surveillance of the beaches and
monitored for reproductive parameters. Results
so far are outstanding: 975 nests were recorded,
making this the second largest known popula-
tion and reproductive site for the Giant South
American River Turtle in Colombia. Nest
survival and hatching success on the naturally
protected beaches was very high, with nest
extraction lower in protected beaches than on
non-protected ones.
Extraction of adult females during nesting
was also low. Apparently, consumption of P.
expansa in the nearby town was reduced as a
consequence of the local people's awareness of
and participation in the work.
The project will be funded for at least two
more years as part of a larger initiative with
Proyecto Vida Silvestre, led by Ecopetrol and the
Wildlife Conservation Society. Research begins
next year with a mark-recapture study that will
gather data to estimate the size of the resident
population at this promising river site for contin-
ued conservation of the species.
GENETICS AND OCCUPANCY STUDIES
ON COLOMBIA'S TROPICAL DRY FOREST
CHELONIANS
The tropical dry forest is one of the most
threatened ecosystems in Colombia, with less
than 10 percent of original forest cover remain-
ing. Ecopetrol has launched an initiative to
increase understanding of this fading ecosys-
tem's biodiversity by funding projects focused
TSA Colombia Expands
Research and
Conservation Initiatives
for Imperiled Species
German Forero-Medina, Natalia Gallego, and Mario Vargas
R A N G E C O U N T R Y U P D AT E
COLOMBIA
Dahl's Toad Headed Turtle (Mesoclemmys dahli) from the tropical dry forest of Colombia. Genetic studies performed by
the TSA/WCS team will help provide conservation recommendations for the species. PHOTO CREDIT: LUIS EDUARDO ROJAS
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 39 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
on developing urgently needed conservation
strategies.
A WCS/TSA program received support under
the initiative to study two dry forest chelonian
species: Dahl's Toad Headed Turtle (Mesoclem-
mys dahli), and the Red-footed Tortoise (Chelo-
noidis carbonaria). Both species are considered
endangered, primarily due to the transformation
of dry forest habitat. The Red-footed Tortoise
(Chelonoidis carbonaria) is also being pressured
due to the pet trade. The project seeks to address
conservation genetics, and to evaluate remaining
populations in the field to identify opportuni-
The team from WCS, TSA, Fundacin Omacha, La Virgen and El Control communities at one of the protected
beaches for Podocnemis expansa on the Meta River. PHOTO CREDIT: TSA/WCS
Naturally emerged Podocnemis expansa hatchlings at the protected and monitored beaches. The net is used to count
the number of live hatchlings without manipulating the nest. PHOTO CREDIT: GERMAN FORERO
ties for initiation of conservation programs at
particular sites.
The conservation genetics study for Meso-
clemmys dahli assessed genetic diversity and
structure throughout the species' range, and
established whether there are different manage-
ment units based upon identified genetic struc-
ture and major demographic parameters. We
obtained more than 120 blood and tissue samples
from M. dahli wild populations, and developed a
microsatellite library consisting of 23 polymor-
phic loci. The genotyping of all individuals is
underway.
Additionally, a survey determined occurrenc-
es of the Red-footed Tortoise (C. carbonaria) in
remaining patches of dry forest, and found wild
populations in the states of Atlntico, Bolvar,
Cesar, and Guajira. This study, coupled with
results from genetics research being done for
this species, will generate recommendations for
protection sites across its range.
CONSERVATION OF THE MAGDALENA RIVER TURTLE
ON THE SIN RIVER
The Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis
lewyana) is a Critically Endangered species
endemic to the Magdalena and Sin rivers in
Colombia. The two rivers are considered separate
management units, so require different conserva-
tion actions. A community-based conservation
project, led by the towns of Cao Viejo and
Cotoc Arriba, was launched in 2005 to address
the needs of the Sin River population.
In 2013, the program gained the support of
TSA and WCS with the goal of strengthening its
management, research and monitoring capabili-
ties. One of the main achievements of the part-
nership was the creation of the first management
plan on the Sin River. The plan details specific
conservation actions the program must follow in
order to reduce species threats.
This year, the local team continued with tra-
ditional in situ and ex situ management actions to
reduce egg mortality due to flooding. Five artifi-
cial nesting banks were built to increase nesting
site availability during times when natural beach
sites are submerged. Natural beaches were also
constantly patrolled to avoid poaching and to
rescue clutches prone to inundation.
The Cao Viejo community team patrolled six
beaches located between Lorica and San Nicolas
de Bari throughout the nesting season, while
collecting and incubating 101 clutches ex situ.
The Cotoc Arriba community team patrolled six
nesting beaches, three more than last year, and
collected 24 clutches. As in previous years, about
2000 P. lewyana hatchlings were successfully
released back into the river.
Contacts: German Forero-Medina, Turtle Survival Al-
liance, Wildlife Conservation Society, Calle 2 # 42-23,
Cali, Colombia. gforero@wcs.org
Natalia Gallego, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera
Primera # 18A 12, Bogota, Colombia.
Mario Vargas, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dres-
den, A. B. Meyer Building, D-01109 Dresden, Germany.
Acknowledgements: We kindly thank Fundacin
Omacha, Ecopetrol, Fundacin Mario Santo Domingo,
Wildlife Conservation Society, Universidad de Los Andes
and Senckenberg Museum for program funding and
support.
december 2015 40 turtle survival
Rare, threatened, or endangered species oc-
cupying a complex environment, which are also
cryptic, or shy, are often difficult and expensive
to survey. Various types of survey techniques and
statistical analyses have been developed to help
compensate, and better detect elusive species,
but at the end of the day, absence of evidence is
not necessarily evidence of absence!
It's now common to hear biologists talk of
using environmental DNA (eDNA) to locate some
invasive or rare aquatic animal. The technol-
ogy has gained popularity in recent years as an
increasingly effective tool for sampling difficult
to collect aquatic organisms, particularly some
aquatic turtles.
Environmental DNA refers to the DNA col-
lected from the general surrounding environ-
ment, used as a means of determining the
F E AT U R E
presence of an organism that is particularly chal-
lenging to sample by other means. As organisms
move about their habitat and perform biological
functions, they shed cells and DNA. These DNA
fragments can be collected, isolated, and identi-
fied as to species.
Much of the public became familiar with this
technology by watching crime scene investiga-
tion TV programs. Unlike a crime scene, an
In Search of Ancient Beasts
with Modern Technology:
Aquatic Turtles and
Environmental DNA
Jim Godwin, Lesley de Souza, and Tom Akre
Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) adult. PHOTO CREDIT: JIM GODWIN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 41 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
aquatic environment does not require a forensic
specialist to find and collect samples; only a
pump to filter water samples is needed. The filter
must have pores that are smaller than the sought
after DNA fragments. Many studies over the last
decade have relied on this simple principle, with
eDNA sampling done on both native and exotic
species, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians
and mammals; in marine and freshwater envi-
ronments that include rivers, streams and ponds.
An eDNA study takes place in both the field
and lab. The first step is to collect water samples.
We use decontaminated Nalgene bottles for sample
collection, taking precautions to avoid contamina-
tion. Once a sample is collected, the water is filtered
to capture the DNA by placing a filter on top of a
vacuum flask. Vacuum pressure is applied, pulling
water through the filter. When the process is com-
plete, the filter is placed in a vial with a buffer. DNA
captured by the filter is extracted by using species-
specific primers, and the DNA mix is tested for the
specific DNA of the target species using quantita-
tive polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
Although the general technology and applica-
tion are not new, eDNA is increasingly being con-
sidered as a valuable tool by wildlife biologists
because capture of a genetic marker from a water
sample can substitute for capture of an indi-
vidual. Factors such as low population density,
cryptic behavior, or a challenging environment,
contribute to the difficulty of sampling with stan-
dard survey methods such as visual encounter
surveys, basking point counts, or trapping.
Environmental DNA is expected to improve
detection of many aquatic turtle species and fur-
ther reduce survey costs by replacing the need for
standard survey methods. Adding to the savings
realized from advances in processing technology
and computing power over the last decade, the
approach promises to grow in use. As with any
other sampling method, it requires further use
and validation to understand rate and causes.
Environmental DNA survey advantages in-
clude reduced field time; allowing more samples
to be collected, or a larger geographical area to be
sampled within a given time period. Field equip-
ment is minimal, and there is no need to return
to a sampled site, as compared to the multiple
disturbances required when setting and retriev-
ing traps. Also, a smaller field crew is required,
since intense searches are not necessary, and no
traps must be managed. Additionally, detecting
a species with eDNA is often more sensitive over
conventional techniques.
Initial eDNA studies should be conducted
alongside standard survey methods so that
detection of eDNA can be validated by capture of
individuals. All studies should be conducted in
a standard scientific framework, as in the use of
replicates and controls.
In our research on the distribution of the
Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus)
in Alabama, the goal was to use this method
to resample historic sites and survey for new
localities based simply on detection of eDNA. We
confirmed five historic localities, extended the
range in known occupied streams, and added
four new localities.
We successfully used eDNA with both the
Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) in Virginia,
and the Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus
depressus) to confirm the presence of the two
species in streams and rivers. We entered into
this two-year study as skeptical field biologists,
but we've become optimistic concerning the
potential use of eDNA in surveys.
Understanding the natural history and biology
of the turtle species being investigated remains an
important consideration when using eDNA. While
it can be a powerful tool for surveying aquatic
turtles, the outcome may be flawed without inclu-
sion of a knowledgeable turtle biologist in the
work. If the need is only to detect the presence of
a freshwater turtle, and field conditions or other
factors inhibit use of other accepted methods, then
employment of eDNA may be appropriate.
Contacts: Jim Godwin, Alabama Natural Heritage
Program, Museum of Natural History, Auburn University,
Auburn, AL 36849, USA. Lesley de Souza, Daniel P.
Haether Center for Conservation and Research, John G.
Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, Tom Akre,
Smithsonian Institute.
Acknowledgement We thank the Alabama Department
of Conservation and Natural Resources, the U.S. Forest
Service, and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service for funding
this work, and the Lodge Lab at the University of Notre
Dame for lab access and support.
In the field, water filtration using hand operated vacuum pumps. PHOTO CREDIT: JIM GODWIN
Nalgene bottle used for collection of water in an eDNA
study. PHOTO CREDIT: JIM GODWIN
december 2015 42 turtle survival
In 2006, the Turner Endangered Species Fund
(TESF) accepted responsibility for a group of
tortoises collected and bred since the early
1970s by the late Ariel Appleton. In the sum-
mer and fall of 2006, TESF staff and volunteers
rounded up Ariel's tortoises near Elgin, Arizona,
and transferred them to their new home on the
Armendaris Ranch in southern New Mexico.
The Armendaris, owned by media mogul and
conservationist Ted Turner, lies at the northern
tip of the tortoise's prehistoric range in the Chi-
huahuan Desert.
Largest of the five North American tortoise
species, the Bolson Tortoise (Gopherus flavomar-
ginatus) is believed to have once roamed through-
out most of the Chihuahuan Desert. The tortoises'
current range is now restricted to the small "Bolson
de Mapimi" area in north central Mexico.
F E AT U R E
Their scientific name, flavomarginatus, mean-
ing "yellow-margined", describes how Bolson
Tortoises have yellow marginal scutes with
most individuals also displaying yellow toenails.
Known as the "Tortuga Grande" and the "Run-
ning Tortoise", their propensity for a running
take off to the nearest burrow distinguishes them
from other tortoises who are more likely to stay
put and retreat into their shells.
BREEDING PROGRAM SUCCESS
We've developed a robust breeding program
on the Armendaris Ranch over the last 9 years;
resulting in over 500 new Bolson Tortoises.
Young tortoises are housed in outdoor holding
pens to protect them from predators until they
are large enough to fend for themselves. What
it precisely means scientifically for them to be
"large enough" is a research question still under
investigation.
In the fall of 2012, we began outfitting larger
juveniles (>100 mm shell length; between four
and seven years old) with transmitters and
moving them from the protected pens to large
(7.5 hectare) unprotected, predator-accessible
enclosures fenced to comply with current permit
requirements, but not covered. Because of such
releases, over 100 captive born tortoises experi-
ence life as wild animals with minimal human
interference. We weigh, measure, and assess
health twice a year. Beyond that, the tortoises are
on their own.
Survivorship is an astounding 85 percent.
Predators known to eat tortoises, such as ravens,
roadrunners, hawks, ground squirrels, ringtails,
raccoons, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, bears,
and snakes are present on the Turner Ranches,
but may pass up the Bolson Tortoise 'tortellinis'
for more accessible prey. Bolsons spend upwards
of 90 percent of the time in their burrows, and
generally emerge only for basking sessions close
Testing the Waters in the Desert:
Establishing a Bolson Tortoise
Colony Where Bolson Tortoises
Haven't Tread in over 10,000 Years
Christiane Wiese and Scott Hillard
Adult male Bolson tortoises like the one shown here are generally smaller than the adult females (by ~15%).
The largest of the males in our colony have shell lengths of ~325 mm, the largest females reach ~390 mm.
PHOTO CREDIT: SCOTT HILLARD
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 43 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
to the security of the burrow opening. They're
out for relatively brief foraging bouts, so unless it
rains, young tortoises are rarely encountered away
from their burrows.
WILD POPULATION STATUS UNKNOWN
Little is known about the current status
of the Bolson Tortoise in the wild. The last
official population count was conducted in
the early 1980s. Even then, the wild popula-
tion was thought to comprise a mere 8,000
to 10,000 animals existing in six separate
colonies. One of these colonies was protected
inside the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, but the
continued threats of habitat degradation and
human consumption are likely to have signifi-
cantly reduced the number of wild Bolson Tor-
toises. Fewer than 2,000 adults are estimated
to remain in the wild today.
There is good news from other quarters.
Given the current rates of reproduction of our
semi-captive colony on the Turner Ranches, the
U.S. population of Bolson Tortoises may soon
rival the size of the wild population.
MOVING BEYOND ASSURANCE COLONIES
TESF's ultimate goal is to move beyond
maintaining captive assurance colonies, and
establish free-ranging populations in what was
the Bolson habitat before early humans greatly
reduced their range, and modern humans
brought them close to the brink of extinction.
Monitoring the growth and fecundity of our
colony has convinced us that Bolson Tortoises
not only survive, but actually thrive in the
northern Chihuahuan desert grasslands. About
half of our 13 females routinely triple clutch,
and clutch size is similar to wild counterparts.
Moreover, released juvenile tortoises find
enough high quality, native forage to man-
age normal growth rates. What remains to be
established is whether nests and hatchlings in
unmanaged or minimally managed populations
can survive at rates high enough to maintain
and increase the population.
Concerns about future landscapes, in the
face of inevitable climate change, prompt careful
consideration of potential reintroduction sites. In
addition to establishing free ranging, minimally
managed Bolson Tortoise populations on Turner
lands, we envision them once again roaming
the desert shrublands of places like Big Bend
National Park.
Many thoughtful conversations will need to
take place to fully address lingering concerns
about reintroducing a species not present in
a region since before the time of Christopher
Columbus. But hopes are that truly wild Bolson
Tortoises will once again tread on northern,
public Chihuahuan Desert lands.
Contacts: Christiane Wiese, Turner Endangered Spe-
cies Fund, Ladder Ranch, HC 31 Box 95, Caballo, NM
87931, Chris.Wiese@retranches.com; Scott Hillard,
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621
Young Drive South, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
90095-1606, hillard@earthlink.net
See also www.tesf.org.
Acknowledgements: We thank our partners for their
support: Living Desert Zoo and Gardens State Park
(Carlsbad, NM), El Paso Zoo (El Paso, TX), and San
Antonio Zoo (San Antonio, TX). We are grateful to the
many volunteers who have helped over the years, espe-
cially our trusted provider of veterinary care, Dr. James
Jarchow, DVM (Tucson, AZ).
Dr. Jim Jarchow watches as a juvenile tortoise with transmitter slowly advances to check out the burrow the tortoise
team has chosen for its release in the large unprotected pen. This Bolson Tortoise juvenile was the 100th tortoise
released to live as a wild tortoise in the northern portion of its species' prehistoric range with minimal human support
or interference. PHOTO CREDIT: CHRISTIANE WIESE
Coaxing an adult tortoise out of its burrow requires getting up close (or down close, as the case may be) and per-
sonal. Here, one of the authors is patiently taking advantage of the tortoise's natural behavior to defend its burrow
by pretending to be an intruder. In most cases, the tortoise's efforts to evict the intruder will eventually bring it close
enough to the burrow entrance to be captured. PHOTO CREDIT: SCOTT HILLARD
december 2015 44 turtle survival
The last 12 months have been notable for the
Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis) in
Southwestern Cambodia. The Wildlife Conser-
vation Society (WCS) continues to work with
the nation's Fisheries Administration (FiA) to
conserve this endangered species. Known locally
as "The Royal Turtle", B. affinis conservation
efforts achieved a significant milestone with the
July 2015 release of 21 sub-adult terrapins into
the wild.
A BRIEF HISTORY
In 2001, WCS and government agencies re-
discovered a remnant population of the Southern
River Terrapin in southwestern Cambodia. WCS
and the FiA have since worked with local com-
munities to prevent egg collection and protect the
species in the wild. With an average of 2-3 nests
located and protected each year on the Kaong
River, the effort is critical there are perhaps
as few as 2-3 breeding females remaining within
the entire Kaong river system. From 2002 to
2014, a total of 35 nests have been protected by
the project, resulting in 326 hatchlings. A small
headstarting facility was constructed in 2006
where more than 200 hatchlings have been
raised since then to increase chances of survival
before being released back into the wild. Surveys
of other rivers in southern Cambodia have been
conducted during the nesting seasons, but have
not yet detected any other breeding populations.
MORE WILD NESTS
Four clutches from at least two females were
located in the Sre Ambel River system in Febru-
ary 2015 and achieved a hatching success rate
of 89%, as 59 B. affinis hatchlings emerged in
May. The hatchlings will be closely monitored at
F E AT U R E
the headstarting facility until ready for release.
Currently there are 225 hatchlings, juveniles and
sub-adults at the facility.
A NEW FACILITY
The successful headstarting program has
outgrown its current facility, so a new center is
under development. The new site is adjacent to
a wildlife sanctuary within the species' natural
range and will enable the project to increase
the number of terrapins raised. The sanctuary's
newly expanded location will also allow for the
housing of rescued Siamese crocodiles, a spe-
cies inhabiting the same river system. Captive
breeding programs at the center will help restore
wild populations of both species. The first phase
of construction and relocation of the terrapins
began in September 2015.
PREPARATION FOR RELEASE
In late 2014, a threat assessment was conduct-
ed within the wider Sre Ambel River system to
determine the spatial distribution and frequency
of various threats to B. affinis. Appropriate threat
mitigation strategies were developed and put into
place prior to the first release of terrapins back
into the system. Five rivers were surveyed, and
Restoring Cambodia's
Wild Populations of
Southern River Terrapin
Sitha Som , Sar ah Brook, and Sovannar a Heng
Som Sitha (foreground) and the team release captive-reared Southern River Terrapins into the soft-release enclosure.
PHOTO CREDIT: THIDA LEIPER/WCS
A female Southern River Terrapin with attached trans-
mitter, allowing the released individuals to be monitored.
PHOTO CREDIT: THIDA LEIPER/WCS
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 45 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
although very low levels of illegal fishing prac-
tices such as spear fishing and the use of long
line hooks were detected, the amount of land
clearance and illegal logging were found to be of
great concern to terrapin conservation efforts.
MONITORING THREAT LEVELS WITH
TECHNOLOGY AND LOCAL SUPPORT
To facilitate improved monitoring of threats
and adaptive site management, the Spatial
Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART)
management system was introduced in late 2014.
Refresher training in patrol strategies and data
collection for both SMART and GPS use was
provided to project staff. A SMART report is now
generated at the end of each month and patrol
data is carefully analyzed to determine next
month's patrol objectives. The patrol team will be
expanded, later this year, to include an additional
law enforcement officer. The additional person-
nel enables the project to deal more effectively
with illegal logging and land clearance.
In early 2015, three villages close to the release
site on the Kaong River were visited to inform
locals of the project's plans to release a number
of the headstarted terrapins. Project leaders
asked the villagers for cooperation in reporting to
project personnel of any sightings or accidental
captures. More than a third of community mem-
bers from all three villages joined these meetings
and were very supportive of the release.
HEALTH MONITORING
In June 2015, the WCS Veterinary team, led
by Dr. Paul Calle, screened all of the terrapins for
release. A population level health assessment was
conducted to enable long term health monitoring.
At the same time, all the terrapins to be released
were fitted with acoustic transmitters to enable
post release monitoring,
CELEBRATION OF THE FIRST
TERRAPIN RELEASE
In July 2015 the project released 21 healthy
sub-adult Southern River Terrapins to supple-
ment the wild population. Given the significance
of the species, the release of "The Royal Turtle"
was marked with a large ceremony and celebra-
tion attended by senior government officials
along with more than 150 school children and
community members.
Surrounded by celebrants and well-wishers,
the 21 terrapins were released into a large semi-
natural, soft release enclosure within a lake on
the Kaong River. They remained in the enclosure
for 3 to 4 weeks to become accustomed to their
new environment and to potentially engender
site fidelity. The released terrapins are currently
being monitored twice monthly to estimate
survival, movements, and habitat use. After the
first two months of monitoring, approximately
30% of released animals are still within the soft
release enclosure (which is no longer enclosed),
and more than 20% have travelled downstream
towards coastal areas. The collected monitoring
data allows the release program to be evaluated
and adapted to further enhance our understand-
ing of this species.
A NEW ADDITION TO THE TEAM
The project team was strengthened in 2015
by the recruitment and addition of Cambodian
biologist, Sitha Som. Mr Som recently complet-
ed his Master's degree in Environmental Man-
agement in New Zealand, and has been working
with freshwater turtles and tortoises since
2004. He is a member of the IUCN Tortoise
and Freshwater Turtle Species Group and will
be responsible for implementing post-release
monitoring and providing general technical
support to all project activities.
Contacts: Sitha Som (ssom@wcs.org), Sarah Brook
(sbrook@wcs.org), Sovannara Heng. WCS, PO Box
1620, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Acknowledgements: This conservation program is made
possible with support from the Turtle Survival Alliance,
SOS - Save Our Species, Critical Ecosystem Partnership
Fund, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, US Fish & Wildlife
Service, Turtle Conservation Fund, Pat Koval and an
anonymous donor.
Local religious leaders bless the terrapins in a ceremony to mark the release of the "Royal Turtles" back into the wild.
PHOTO CREDIT: THIDA LEIPER/WCS
Construction of the soft-release enclosure on a 1 hectare oxbow lake on the Kaong River begins. PHOTO CREDIT: WCS/SARAH BROOK
december 2015 46 turtle survival
On 17 June 2015, Katala Foundation Inc. (KFI)
received a phone call from the Palawan wildlife
authorities (PCSDS) with the shocking news that
its Enforcement Group confiscated from an iden-
tified illegal trader in Southern Palawan 4,312
live, and 90 dead, freshwater turtles. Worse still,
the majority of the turtles were Palawan Forest
Turtles (Siebenrockiella leytensis) a species
carefully conserved in a joint effort by KFI and
PCSDS over the last nine years.
Prior confiscations of S. leytensis had never
numbered more than 80 individuals. Now, with
a warehouse full of turtles at numbers almost
exceeding the total estimated wild population, it
was clear that an extraordinary effort would be
needed to save them.
REDISCOVERY INCREASED
CONSERVATION EFFORTS
The Palawan Forest Turtle had originally
been described as Heosemys leytensis. For 69
years, two types, allegedly collected in Leyte,
were the only known specimens. Then Buskirk
(1989) described a neotype based on a third
specimen allegedly from Leyte, found in the
collection of the California Academy of Science.
At about the same time, Timmerman and Auth
(1988) bought a specimen in the Municipality
of Taytay in northern Palawan. The search for
the species in the wild began again, but it took
another 12 years until Palawan was confirmed as
its place of origin.
With a new description published in 2004,
the countdown to tragedy began. Hunted down
to supply collectors, hobbyists, and the East
Asian food and Traditional Chinese Medicine
markets, populations were reduced faster than
they could be assessed. Recognizing the unfold-
ing peril, KFI urgently adopted the Palawan
Forest Turtle as a key species in its Philippine
Freshwater Turtle Conservation Program
(PFTCP) jointly implemented with the Depart-
ment of Environment and Natural Resources
Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB),
focusing on both in-situ and ex-situ conservation
F E AT U R E
The Palawan
Turtle Rescue
Nelson Devanader a, Veronica de Guzman and Sabine Schoppe
Images such as this struck an emotional chord and galvanized the global turtle conservation community to action.
PHOTO CREDIT: SABINE SCHOPPE
Turtles were stacked 3-feet-deep in the truck that carried the confiscated animals from the office of PCSDS to
PWRCC. The night before they had arrived from the warehouse in Southern Palawan on a smaller truck on which they
had been stacked 6-feet-deep. PHOTO CREDIT: KATALA FOUNDATION INC.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 47 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
With a mandate to release turtles as quickly as possible to reduce captive stress, the rate at which the medical teams
were able to triage turtles and get them back into native streams was impressive. Cris Hagen (TSA) and Paul Gibbons
(right, TC) are shown with the team returning turtles to the wild. PHOTO CREDIT: KATALA FOUNDATION
measures since 2006.
In 2007, KFI's ex-situ facilities were built in
collaboration with the Zoological Society for the
Conservation of Species and Populations (ZGAP),
with research activities supported by the Turtle
Conservation Fund (TCF). Further, TCF part-
nered with TSA and the Turtle Conservancy
(TC) to assist KFI in enhancing husbandry facili-
ties for an assurance colony.
Both ZGAP-DGHT and Wildlife Reserves
Singapore (WRS) supported this critical assur-
ance colony. Education campaigns were begun
with the support of the US Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS) and were later enhanced by
the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong
Kong. Additional ex-situ conservation measures
are supported by the Chester Zoo.
Based on both long and short term popula-
tion surveys, KFI estimated the wild population
of the Palawan Forest Turtle at some 6,000
individuals; all restricted to five municipalities in
northern Palawan.
CONSERVATION CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES
On 18 June 2015, a truck from Rio Tuba
arrived at the Palawan Wildlife Rescue and
Conservation Center (PWRCC). PWRCC re-
acted fast and made it possible to accommodate
the thousands of confiscated turtles for the
first critical days. A first inspection revealed a
conservation nightmare become reality. Most of
the turtles were indeed Palawan Forest Turtles,
and they were in terrible shape dehydrated,
smashed, injured, dying, with many already
dead. Based on their dreadful condition, it was
clear these animals had been collected and kept
for over six months.
KFI accounted a total of 4,090 individuals ex-
cluding the fatalities that had incurred between
confiscation and arrival at PWRCC. Turtles were
composed of 3,831 Palawan Forest Turtles, 168
Asian Leaf Turtles (Cyclemys dentata), 25 South-
east Asian Box Turtles (Cuora amboinensis),
and 69 dead individuals (63 S. leytensis and 6 C.
dentata). The count confirmed that we were fac-
ing a crisis of unprecedented proportions; almost
the entire estimated wild population of Palawan
Forest Turtles had been confiscated.
We requested some 40 students from West-
ern Philippines University (WPU) be excused
from class to help PWRCC personnel and KFI
staff with unloading. WPU is an active partner
of PCSDS and KFI in wildlife conservation.
The turtles were moved into the only available
enclosures: two huge crocodile pens which were
under repair that time and had not been used by
PWRCC for months, thus with no running water
and full exposure to the sun. Freshwater had to
be trucked in to fill the pens so that they could be
used temporarily for the turtles. We had to resort
to this because there were no pens available large
enough to hold the huge number of turtles.
HELP ARRIVES FROM EVERYWHERE
That same night, KFI informed the IUCN/
SSC TFTSG and appealed for assistance. Noth-
ing prepared us for the overwhelming response
from turtle conservation groups from all over
the world. In less than 12 hours, Asian, Ameri-
can, and European organizations had all com-
mitted financial support, technical assistance,
and supplies.
In the meantime, KFI and PWRCC dis-
cussed moving the turtles to smaller crocodile
pens with less exposure to sunlight and not so
deep for better management of the turtles. We
were so lucky that these pens were vacant. This
new pens had to be renovated and transformed
from crocodile pens to turtle ponds to better
meet the needs of the turtles. KFI staff assist-
ed by students, PWRCC personnel, volunteers,
and hired laborers repaired the pens, installed
adequate shade over the ponds and work areas,
and started transferring the turtles to the new
areas on 19 June.
On 21 June 2015, the IUCN/SSC TFTSG made
the recommendation on next steps, stating: "We
believe it is important to release back into the wild
as many apparently healthy animals as possible at
the first available moment. We recommend that
animals that do not clearly need extensive rehabili-
tative care should be released into the wild swiftly,
ideally into areas that were previously inhabited by
these turtles."
We held the same view, considering S. ley-
tensis shows intraspecific aggression and fares
poorly when maintained in large groups. The
confiscated number was so large that the species
was in danger of becoming functionally extinct
in the wild unless many of them were quickly re-
turned. Thus, KFI staff began surveying possible
release sites that would meet tough criteria: that
turtle release occur within the species' natural
range, not within a pristine wild population, not
be readily accessible, be away from people, and
that the release team be unseen by locals.
Four days after the arrival of the confis-
cated turtles at the rescue center, the first
veterinarians, Dr. Sonja Luz from WRS, Dr.
Paolo Martelli from OPHK, Dr. Paul Gibbons
from TC, and Dr. Charles Innis from the New
England Aquarium, started triage of thousands
of turtles and treated those immediately in need
of veterinary aid. They were soon joined by Dr.
Karthi Martelli of Kadoorie Farm and Botanic
Garden, TSA's Director of Animal Management
Cris Hagen, and a Wildlife Conservation Society
team composed of Dr. John Sykes, Dr. Kenneth
Conley, vet techs Nga Nguyen Thi Thanh and
Ihsaan Sebro, and Assistant Director of Zoologi-
cal Health, Lisa Eidlin.
The team primarily dealt with necrotic shell
lesions secondary to trauma and septicemia,
dehydration, distal limb edema, severe eye le-
sions, and claw loss from extended contact with
concrete. The number of turtle deaths decreased
rapidly as the animals responded to aggressive
december 2015 48 turtle survival
antibiotic and fluid therapy and began to eat
voluntarily.
FREE AND BACK HOME AT LAST!
As early as 22 June, we started releasing
turtles that were judged sufficiently healthy. By
the end of the month, 2,773 individuals had been
released back to the wild, giving the turtles a
better chance for survival, and greatly reducing
crowding at the rescue center for a species highly
prone to stress in groups. All released turtles
received a cohort notch as recommended by
TFTSG-TSA-TC-TCF-CRF.
The first three weeks of taking care and
working hard to save the turtles were the most
challenging in the professional lives of those
directly involved in the rescue. Managing the
different situations, the needs of both turtles and
foreigners, giving interviews, and still smiling
into cameras would have depleted all energy if
not for the assistance of TSA Executive Director
Andrew Walde, who handled communication
with the international turtle community.
A local team of about 30 KFI volunteers
helped in every possible way, notching the
turtles for release; pumping dirty water out, and
clean water into, ponds; moving countless bins
of turtles around as needed; acting as veteri-
nary assistants; and helping to keep everything
organized.
Cris Hagen, the first member of the TSA
staff to arrive in Palawan, reported after a week
on site that "things are finally calming down
and I think the general madness is over." At
this point, we started putting together teams
of veterinarians, vet techs, and experienced
turtle keepers who could provide treatment and
rehabilitation until the rest of the animals were
healthy enough for release. At the same time we
trained KFI staff to take over once treatment
was manageable.
Turtles were treated in two groups, every 48
hours, leaving every third day without treatment.
Days without treatment were dedicated to mor-
phology, blood work, necropsy, and laboratory
work. Necropsy was spearheaded by WCS Head
Pathologist Ken Conley.
By the end of June, the TSA team had been
reinforced by Veterinary Care Manager Sheena
Koeth and vet tech Allyson Lee, a volunteer sup-
ported by TSA, and PWRCC resident veterinar-
ian Dr. Glenn Rebong. Vet tech Olivia Vander-
sanden volunteered, and Dr. Csaba Geczy
worked with the group during the first week of
July. After Dr. Geczy's departure, the technician
team, KFI staff and vet student Mariah Lan-
caster of Tufts University managed the turtles
for more than a week without a veterinarian.
The group was then joined by San Diego keeper
Tommy Owens.
The remaining 254 turtles were moved to
KFI's facilities at the Katala Institute for Ecology
and Biodiversity Conservation (KIEBC) in Narra,
Palawan which has facilities that are specifically
designed for turtles and were it was possible to
provide individual care to the remaining turtles.
Prior to the move, we released another 439
turtles at four sites.
This amazing turnaround, from chaos to a
manageable situation, is a tribute to the perse-
verance and dedication of an amazing team of
veterinary staff and volunteers. In addition to
KFI's resident keeper Angel Satioquia, we hired
three new keepers, Kyle, Jovie and Archiel. The
new keepers were trained by the experts in the
first month of the crisis, and were temporarily as-
sisted by Wroclaw Zoo Keeper Karolina Mol and
her husband Maciej.
FINALLY DONE WITH THE MISSION
9 July was the first day without mortality.
On 13 July, all the turtles were reassessed when
Drs. Alex Grioni and Sandra Schneider from
Kadoorie, and Columbus Zoo Resident Dr. Matt
O'Connor, arrived. Special emphasis was given to
animals in critical condition and with severe eye
lesions. With the need for veterinary attention
decreased, the San Diego Zoo team of Dr. Ben
Nevitt and Jill Kuntz were the last to assist. They
left after witnessing one of the last releases on 28
July, leaving only 57 turtles still requiring care.
Having received training from 20 differ-
ent veterinarians and various technicians
and keepers, we felt prepared to manage the
remaining turtles. As of late September, after
one more release, we are left with just six
turtles. Our activities are now concentrated on
monitoring the turtles at the release sites. We
also collected some 130 eggs, with seven prov-
ing to be viable.
Overall mortality was 11.5%, surprisingly
low compared to other large confiscations. This
success rate would have in no way been possible,
had it not been for the prompt and swift action
by a truly global team wholeheartedly united
in the goal of saving the Palawan Forest Turtle
from extinction. We hope to never have such a
large confiscation again, but we are confident
that if it ever does happen, we will join hands
again and with the full support of the wonderful,
worldwide turtle community we will be able to
rescue them
Contact: Nelson P. Devanadera, PCSDS, Puerto Princ-
esa City, PH-5300 Palawan, Philippines, oed@pcsd.gov.
ph; Veronica De Guzman, PWRCC, Puerto Princesa City,
PH-5300 Palawan, Philippines, Vdg_1285@gmail.com.
ph; Sabine Schoppe, Katala Foundation Inc., PO Box
390, Puerto Princesa City, PH-5300 Palawan, Philip-
pines, sabine_schoppe@web.de
Acknowledgement: On behalf of the Palawan Forest
Turtle, we would like to thank the main players for
without their generous financial support and/or technical
assistance this crisis could have never been resolved:
Action Campaign for Endangered Species, Csaba Geczy,
NEZS Chester Zoo, Columbus Zoo, DENR-BMB, Dutch/
Belgium Turtle & Tortoise Society, Friends of Wuppertal,
Kadoorie Farm and Botanic, Karthi Martelli, KFI, Lafe-
ber, Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Garden, Monterey
Bay Aquarium, New England Aquarium Ocean Park
Hong Kong, Oxbow Animal Health, Olivia Vandersan-
den, San Diego Zoo, PCSDS, PWRCC, Q-Mark, Turtle
Conservancy, TFTSG/TCF/CRF, Turtle Survival Alliance,
Stichting Turtle Survival/TSA-Europe, Sponsor of Mariah
Lancaster, Wildlife Conservation Society, Western
Philippines University, Wroclow Zoo, Wildlife Reserves
Singapore, Zoological Society for the Conservation of
Species and Populations, Zoo Halle, Zoo Landan, Zoo
Leipzig, Zoo Med Supplies, Zoo Parc Beauval, and Zoo
Schnbrunn Vienna.
The TSA thanks all donors for their generous support
during this critical period. Special thank you to the
following supporters donating at the $1,000 and above
level:
Audubon Nature Institute, Columbus Zoo & Aquarium,
Disney's Conservation Fund Rapid Response Fund,
Fagus Foundation, Owen Griffiths, Houston Zoo, Moody
Gardens & Aquarium, George Meyer, Ed Neil, James
Neil, Sea World Emergency Fund, Ty Park, Turtle &
Tortoise Preservation Group, Woodland Park Zoo, and
Zoos Victoria
Turtles ready for release were marked with a white spot
and received a shell notch. They were then carried in
crates to the vehicle for transport to the release site.
PHOTO CREDIT: KATALA FOUNDATION INC.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 49 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
When TSA proclaims we are "Committed to Zero
Turtle Extinctions" what exactly does that mean,
and what steps have been undertaken to make
good on this promise? Is this just a mission state-
ment, or does it have real teeth? We decided that
if we're going to continue to use this mantra,
then we better see how it actually looks on paper.
It was time to make a roadmap to the future.
CONSERVATION STRATEGY PUTS TURTLES
IN A TREE
In the Opening Letter for this year's TSA
Journal (see inside front cover), I reflected a bit
on the extensive evaluation process involved
in defining TSA's turtle conservation strategy.
Starting with the challenging task of agreeing on
priority species, we devised a list of 62 species
for conservation focus. We selected those ranked
CR, or proposed for CR listing, by the IUCN Red
List along with a mix of some Endangered taxa
we felt were facing imminent threat. From this
list, Hugh Quinn, Animal Management Com-
mittee Chair, began designing a decision tree
designed to determine what actions, if any, were
needed for each species in captivity, and more
specifically, those at the Turtle Survival Center.
F E AT U R E
TSA Develops Blueprint
for Future
Turtle Conservation
Rick Hudson and Hugh Quinn
TOP PRIORITY COUNTRIES FOR
FIELD CONSERVATION WORK
NUMBER OF
SPECIES
1. Indonesia
9
2. Vietnam
9
3. Myanmar
8
4. Malaysia
7
5. Bangladesh
5
6. India
5
7. Madagascar
5
8. China
3
9. "Africa" (country not yet identified)
3
The Painted Terrapin (Batagur borneoensis) would benefit from TSA program expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia. PHOTO CREDIT: ANDREW BRINKER
december 2015 50 turtle survival
Once each species had been run through the
decision tree, 32 were selected for TSC manage-
ment based on a number of criteria, including
these five critical factors: 1) species currently
without effective range country protection and
management programs in place, 2) those species
that do not have a well-managed, long term ex
situ population, 3) species able to thrive outdoors,
year-round at the TSC for at least 8 months; or
have climate controlled, existing, specialized
facilities available for them, 4) are available
for acquisition, and 5) currently have, or have
planned, facilities for them at the TSC.
From this rigorous analysis, a comprehen-
sive 105-page Animal Management (AM) Plan
emerged presenting an estimation of the number
of animals needed to maintain sustainable cap-
tive populations over several generations, and
describes breeding strategies to be employed in
maintaining long term, viable turtle populations
at the TSC. The final section outlines the enclo-
sures currently available to maintain the collec-
tion and evaluates operational needs to meet the
demands of the future collection and effectively
plan annual budgets.
GROWING IN-RANGE PARTNERSHIPS
Though the AM plan primarily defines the
TSC collection, it also identifies species recom-
mended for in-range captive management that
would not be appropriate or feasible for TSC
holding. For example, river terrapins (Batagur)
and large, softshell turtles (Chitra, Nilssonia,
Pelochelys) are best managed in the tropics
where they live rather than in temperate South
Carolina. When a species is eliminated from AM
consideration, they move over to the Field Con-
servation (FC) decision tree for assessment.
From the original list of 65 species, Colin
Poole, Chairman of the FC Committee, high-
lighted 45 for continued or future investment
by the TSA with three criteria: 1) Large riverine
or wetland species, 2) Forest species for which
sufficient habitat still exists, and 3) Lesser
known African species. The process specifically
recommended strengthening existing programs
in India, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Madagas-
car, while developing partnerships to launch
new initiatives in Indonesia, China, Vietnam,
Malaysia and Cambodia. Africa, with a variety
of emerging, market-driven threats, demands
our attention, as well. The FC Plan's success will
center on our ability to build new partnerships
along with the funding to support them.
THE PLAN TO AVOID EXTINCTION
Merging the species evaluation process for
Animal Management and Field Conservation has
resulted in a sound, pre-emptive strategy that
ensures no species will slip through the cracks.
For each CR ranked species, there are objective,
transparent, and defensible recommendations for
specific conservation actions.
For some species, such as the Nubian softshell
(Cyclanorbis elegans), we don't have enough in-
formation and survey work is needed. For others,
such as the endemic Chinese Cuora, collecting
pressures are simply too intense for management
of wild populations exclusively, and we must de-
pend on ex situ captive breeding, both in and out
of range. Twenty-two species will require both in
situ and ex situ actions.
The Striped Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle (Chitra chitra) would be a high priority species for a TSA Indonesia
program. PHOTO CREDIT: DOUG HENDRIE
The Home's Hingeback (Kinixys homeana) was recently elevated to critically endangered status (IUCN Red List), and
has been targeted for management at the TSC. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 51 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
SPECIES
TSA PROGRAM
IN SITU
COUNTRY
EX SITU
1. Astrochelys radiata (Radiated tortoise)
A
Madagascar
2. Astrochelys yniphora (Ploughshare tortoise, angonoka)
C
Madagascar
E
3. Batagur affinis (Southern river terrapin)
C
Indonesia, Malaysia
4. Batagur baska (Northern river terrapin)
B
Bangladesh, India
5. Batagur borneoensis (Painted terrapin)
C
Indonesia, Malaysia
6. Batagur kachuga (Red-crowned roofed turtle)
B
India
7. Batagur trivittata (Burmese roofed turtle)
A
Myanmar
8. Chelodina mccordi (Rote Island snake-necked turtle)
C
Indonesia
D
9. Chitra chitra (Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle)
C
Indonesia, Malaysia
10. Chitra vandijki (Burmese narrow-headed softshell turtle)
C
Myanmar
11. Cuora amboinensis (Southeast Asian box turtle)
C?
Currently unknown
D
12. Cuora aurocapitata (Yellow-headed box turtle)
D
13. Coura bourreti (Bourret's box turtle)
C
Vietnam
D
14. Cuora cyclornata (Vietnamese three-striped box turtle)
D
15. Cuora flavomarginata (Yellow-margined box turtle)
D
16. Cuora galbinifrons (Indochinese box turtle)
C
Vietnam
D
17. Cuora mccordi (McCord's box turtle)
D
18. Cuora mouhotii (Keeled box turtle)
C
Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh
D
19. Coura pani (Pan's box turtle)
D
20. Cuora picturata (Southern Vietnam box turtle)
C
Vietnam
D
21. Cuora trifasciata (Chinese three-striped box turtle, golden coin turtle)
D
22. Cuora zhoui (Zhou's box turtle)
D
23. Cyclanorbis elegans (Nubian flapshell turtle)
C
Sudan
24. Dermatemys mawii (Central American river turtle)
B
Belize
25. Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Madagascar big-headed turtle, rere)
C
Madagascar
E
26. Geochelone platynota (Burmese star tortoise)
A
Myanmar
D
27. Gopherus falvomarginatus (Bolson tortoise)
C?
Mexico
28. Heosemys annandalii (Yellow-headed temple turtle)
C
Cambodia, Thailand
29. Heosemys depressa (Arakan Forest turtle)
A?
Myanmar, Bangladesh
D
30. Heosemys spinosa (Spiny turtle)
D
31. Indotestudo forstenii (Forsten's tortoise, east Indian tortoise)
C
Indonesia
D
32. Kinixys erosa (Forest hinge-back tortoise, serrated hinge-back tortoise)
C
Currently unknown
E
33. Kinixys homeana (Home's hinge-back tortoise)
C
Currently unknown
E
34. Leucocephalin yuwonoi (Sulawesi forest turtle)
C
Indonesia
D
35. Malacochersus tornieri (Pancake tortoise)
?
Currently unknown
36. Manouria emys (Asian giant tortoise)
B
Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Indonesia
D
37. Manouria impressa (Impressed tortoise)
C
Vietnam, Myanmar, Malaysia
D
38. Mauremys annamensis (Vietnamese pond turtle, Annam pond turtle)
C
Vietnam
E
39. Mauremys mutica (Yellow pond turtle)
E
40. Mauremys nigricans (Chinese red-necked turtle, Red-necked pond turtle)
E
41. Mesoclemmys hogei (Hoge's side-necked turtle)
C
Brazil
42. Nilssonia formosa (Burmese peacock softshell turtle)
B
Myanmar
43. Nilssonia leithii (Leith's softshell turtle)
C
India
44. Nilssonia nigricans (Black softshell turtle, Bostami softshell turtle)
B
Bangladesh, India
45. Orlitia borneensis (Malaysian giant turtle)
C
Malaysia, Indonesia
46. Pelochelys cantorii (Asian giant softshell turtle)
C
Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, India
47. Platysternon megacephalum (Big-headed turtle)
C
Vietnam, Myanmar
D
48. Podocnemis lewyana (Magdelena River turtle)
B
Colombia
49. Psammobates geometricus (Geometric tortoise)
C
South Africa
50. Pyxis arachnoides (Spider tortoise)
C
Madagascar
E
51. Pyxis planicauda (Flat-tailed tortoise, flat-shelled spider tortoise)
C
Madagascar
E
52. Rafetus swinhoei (Red River giant softshell turtle, Yangtze giant softshell turtle, Swinhoe's softshell turtle)
B
Vietnam, China
53. Sacalia bealei (Beale's eyed turtle)
C
China
D
54. Sacalia quadriocellata (Four-eyed turtle)
C
Vietnam, China
D
55. Stenotherous depressus (Flattened musk turtle)
C?
USA
Table 1. Species chosen by the TSA decision tree process for in situ (in-range programs) and ex situ (TSC management) programs. Where "A" indicates
there is an adequate TSA field (in situ) conservation investment in a given species (successful program); "B" indicates there is a field conservation
investment in a given species, but it is not yet adequate; "C" indicates there is no TSA field conservation investment in a given species, but initiating one
is feasible; "D" indicates a captive (ex situ) conservation investment is needed at the TSC, and facilities are available; and "E" indicates a TSC program is
needed and feasible, but facilities are currently not available.
december 2015 52 turtle survival
PA R T N E R S
From our inception, the TSA was intended to be an alliance of partners that
shared in a common goal zero turtle extinctions. Since our formation in 2001,
partnerships have proven to be the secret to our success. The organizations
listed here provide a range of services to our collective mission, including: guid-
ance, networking, strategic planning, funding, turtle care and rescue facilities,
animal management, marketing and public relations, field research, logistical
and technical support, salaried positions, and a host of other resources. Sig-
nificantly, some of these have been with us since the early days and were there
when the TSA was born. All are integral to our success. On behalf of the Board
of Directors of the TSA, we salute this remarkable group of dedicated partners.
Partners are the
Key to Our Success
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 53 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Once ranging across most of Madagascar's
west-flowing rivers and lakes, the Critically
Endangered Madagascar Big-headed Turtle
(Erymnochelys madagascariensis), or "Rere," is
now restricted to eight watersheds, with only
7.6% of the species' historical range currently
supporting stable populations. Populations have
declined precipitously due to loss of wetlands
and consumption of the turtle's meat and eggs
by local communities. Rising to the challenge of
preventing this species from slipping over the
brink, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust (now
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust), in col-
laboration with Conservation International and
Madagascar National Parks, began a conserva-
tion initiative in 1998. The ultimate goal of this
recovery effort was to ensure that at least one
healthy population survived within each of the
eight watersheds. Conservation activities have
focused on four key sites, with four priority
activities at each site: 1) research on the species'
distribution, biology, ecology, genetics, and major
threats; 2) intensive population management,
including captive breeding, population restora-
tion through release and post-release survival
monitoring of headstarted juveniles and trans-
located hatchlings, and protection of wild nests;
3) education and capacity building of local com-
munities to improve awareness of the species'
importance and to facilitate the legal transfer of
resource management to these communities so
that they can protect and manage Rere wetlands;
and 4) promotion of official national protection of
important wetlands.
Highly positive results of these activities have
been achieved at all four sites. For example, three
official New Protected Areas (NPAs) that support
important populations have been established,
including an NPA at Lake Ambondrobe, which is
the most important site for Rere in Madagascar.
The captive-breeding program has produced
114 hatchlings to date that have been released at
various ages in Lake Ravelobe in Ankarafantsika
National Park, with similar releases also occur-
ring for headstarted young collected from wild
nests. Hatchlings from wild nests are also being
translocated to areas where populations need
reinforcement, and all groups are being regularly
monitored to determine the best possible release
strategy. Survival of all age groups has been
high, and the populations at Lakes Ankomakoma
and Ambondrobe have increased significantly.
Additionally, local people at two lakes have
protected nests that have produced more than
five thousand hatchlings. Community Associa-
tions have been created at four sites to protect
turtles and habitat, with the long-term goal of
having communities sustainably manage viable
turtle populations within each of the eight main
watersheds.
This program provides an excellent global mod-
el for a successful in situ program that integrates
captive breeding, wild population management
and restoration, and most importantly, community-
led conservation and resource management. The
Turtle Conservation Fund (TCF) has been a proud
and integral partner in this endeavor by providing
regular support in the form of eight grants since
2008, totaling nearly $40,000. This project is just
an example of the many conservation successes
that the TCF has been integral in supporting since
2003. For more information about the TCF and
grant application procedures, visit:
www.TurtleConservationFund.org.
Highlighting Support for the
Madagascar Big-headed Turtle
Integrated Conservation Program
Hugh Quinn and Anders Rhodin, Turtle Conservation Fund Co-Chairs
T S A PA R T N E R N E W S
TURTLE CONSERVATION FUND
Field team leader Juliette Velosoa (center) with Tsibangoe (left) and Namotoa Charles (right), proudly display Rere
hatchlings from protected nests at Lake Ambondrobe. PHOTO CREDIT: PETER CRANSWICK.
december 2015 54 turtle survival
The Vietnamese Pond Turtle is not a particularly
attractive or colorful species, so they were not
very popular with private owners and zoos. Be-
lieved extinct as recently as 2006, their fortunate
survival now depends on captive breeding efforts
to increase their numbers in the wild.
Serious scientific inquiry was initiated after it
was discovered that individual specimens of M.
annamensis were occasionally offered for sale in
Asian animal markets. Field research and local
interviews revealed that the species was not ex-
tinct, and eventually discovered the origin of the
market turtles. A wild, residential population was
discovered in Central Vietnam within a distant
and isolated area of the Quang Nam Province.
Shortly afterwards, Vietnamese authorities
began conservation efforts to protect the species
with enthusiastic support from leading European
zoos. A plan was developed whereby Vietnamese
Pond Turtles hatched in Europe would be made
available for a reintroduction project in Vietnam.
The project's plan requires finding out how many
animals are left in the wild, where they live,
and how these areas can be protected. The plan
also includes the important goal of gaining local
community support for reintroduction of M.
annamensis.
BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY
Captive breeding to save the endangered
turtle began when the Rotterdam Zoo first
reported successful breeding of M. annamensis
in 2002. Both Herbert Becker and the Interna-
tionales Zentrum fr Schildkrtenschutz (IZS)
in Muenster Zoo announced successful breeding
results in 2006. Since then, and within the past
nine years, Herbert Becker oversaw the birth of
171 animals from one male and two females. In
Rotterdam Zoo, 43 animals were born between
2003 and 2014 from three breeding pairs; while
at the IZS, 67 animals were born between 2006
and 2014.
In 2003, the year of the 'Shellshock
Campaign', a discussion within the European
T S A E U R O P E
Captive Breeding Critical to Saving
the Highly Endangered Vietnamese
Pond Turtle (Mauremys annamensis)
Henk Zwartepoorte, Herbert Becker, Elmar Meier, Martina Raffel & Tim McCormack
Association for Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA)
discussed how the breeding of the Vietnamese
Pond Turtle in zoos might support an in situ
conservation project. Experience with this spe-
cies showed that they were not hard to breed,
and so good results could be expected. Reported
breeding results supported this conclusion
as the species had already been bred into the
second generation.
With all evidence showing that the establish-
ment of an assurance colony was possible, an
EAZA breeding program was developed to en-
sure a genetically sound and healthy population
to breed from, and from which to reintroduce
offspring into the wild. Within the framework of
this breeding program, DNA research coordi-
nated by the Prague Zoo was done on samples
of M. annamensis bred by Herbert Becker, and on
animals from zoos in Muenster and Rotterdam.
Results showed that the breeding groups were
genetically pure Mauremys annamensis.
The implementation of the EAZA studbook
took longer than expected, so there was over-
crowding in the groups from Becker, Muenster
and Rotterdam in 2011 and 2012.
THE HOMECOMING OF THE
FRESHWATER TURTLE
Initial preparation for the transfer of the
turtles to Vietnam was challenging, despite our
good relationship with Vietnamese officials which
helped pave the way. Application and handover of
CITES and veterinary medical documents took
longer than expected, but finally, in August 2013,
we were ready to transfer the offspring to the
Turtle Breeding Center at Cuc Phuong National
Park in North Vietnam (TCC). Seventy-one M.
annamensis offspring, originating from the breed-
ing program that included Becker, the Rotterdam
Zoo, and Muenster, were flown to Vietnam as part
of the Mauremys annamensis Project (MAP) of the
Asian Turtle Program (ATP).
A juvenile M. annamensis in the wild still a rarity.
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 55 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
T S A E U R O P E
The Vietnamese press came out in force to
greet the turtles and their breeders, though the
news was mostly ignored in Europe and the
United States. In Hanoi, more than 40 journal-
ists, representing seven television stations and
30 newspapers, reported what the Vietnamese
press called 'The Homecoming of the Freshwater
Turtle'.
"Today is an important step towards the
preservation of this rare species in Vietnam,"
declared Mr. Bui Dang Phong, leader of the TCC
in 2013. "Poaching, agriculture and loss of habitat
are a great danger to the Vietnamese Pond Turtle
in the wild. It is the duty of Vietnam to actively
protect these animals from illegal hunting and
trade, so that we will not lose another valuable
endemic species."
"We're proud that we have contributed to
the preservation of these rare turtles and were
able to bring them back to Vietnam," stated Henk
Zwartepoorte, curator of reptiles at the Rotter-
dam Zoo. "We're positive that Vietnamese initia-
tives like these and ongoing international efforts
will help these species to survive in the wild.
The goal of these efforts is to reintroduce the
turtles in their habitat in Quang Ngai Province in
Central Vietnam."
Timothy McCormack, Program Coordinator
of ATP and MAP, noted, "This event has contrib-
uted to placing the Vietnamese Pond Turtles all
over the world in the focus of nature conserva-
tion. Although these turtles survive in captivity,
we must take urgent measures to protect this
species in the wild, so they will have the chance
to survive in Vietnam."
DNA ANALYSIS, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Recent DNA research in Vietnam on M. an-
namensis from the wild has shown that there are
two DNA lineages within their habitat in Central
Vietnam. Only genetically and medically healthy
animals are suitable for reintroduction, so it's
important to establish which of the available
animals are suitable for reestablishment and in
which habitat they can be released.
Since 2000, a large group of confiscated M.
annamensis and their offspring have resided in
the turtle rescue center in Cuc Phuong. The ori-
gin of these animals is unknown. As mentioned
above, from 2007 on, some animals caught in the
wild have occasionally been found in markets.
Whether these animals are suitable for captive
breeding or not remains to be determined by
further DNA sampling.
Rotterdam Zoo contributed funds in 2015
for further DNA research, while the Muen-
ster, Rotterdam, and London Zoos, along with
Herbert Becker, made donations to build theft
proof enclosures in the Cuc Phuong National
Park.
The coordination of the conservation project
is now the responsibility of Vietnam, as suitable
lands for reintroduction need to be assessed
and purchased from local people. These areas
must also be secured and guarded offering job
opportunities in the community. Though this
process develops slowly, support of the local
people is vital. They need to be convinced that
they are important partners in species protec-
tion and conservation, if our efforts are to have
hope of success.
THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN EFFORTS
In July 2014, during a meeting at the London
Zoo, involved parties discussed the necessity and
feasibility of a continued M. annamensis captive
breeding program in Europe. Representatives
from the London, Chester, and Rotterdam Zoos
brainstormed a variety of issues, and made plans
related to DNA and veterinary medical research
on Vietnamese Pond Turtles in Europe, with
protocols and timetables to be developed. The
possibility of an EAZA studbook and further
cooperation between EAZA Zoos and private
keepers within the European Studbook Founda-
tion (ESF) was also addressed.
The experience gained from developing a
first Vietnam initiative to protect M. annamensis
habitat and reintroduce this threatened species
was very important. This was the first time ever
that such a large group of turtles from a Euro-
pean breeding program was transferred to their
country of origin.
Repatriating these animals demonstrated that
ex situ breeding by zoos or private keepers can
play a decisive part in the preservation of species.
The cooperation between zoos, private keep-
ers and local conservationists worked exceed-
ingly well in this first major effort, and played an
important part in the continuing preservation
of Mauremys annamensis. Clearly, international
cooperation and the establishment of a strong
link between in situ and ex situ partners, is a key
to success.
Contacts: Henk Zwartepoorte, Chair TSA Europe,
Lumeystraat 11c, 3039ZM Rotterdam, Netherlands,
Email: henkzwartepoorte@hetnet.nl
Captive bred M. annamensis at the Turtle Conservation
Center (TCC) in the Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam.
PHOTO CREDIT: TIM MCGORMACK/ATP
Cuc Phuong National Parks Director Truong Quang Bich and TCC Manager Bui Dang Phuong meet the turtles at the
National Park and explain the important status of these turtles to the press. PHOTO CREDIT: TIM MCCORMACK/ATP
december 2015 56 turtle survival
Many turtle species, especially within the genus
Geoemydidae, are endangered or almost extinct
due to habitat destruction and a phenomenon
known as the "Asian Turtle Crisis" the often
illegal trafficking in turtles to satisfy the high
demand by Chinese markets for turtle meat for
consumption and the use of turtle parts in tradi-
tional Chinese medicine.
The situation is further complicated by fre-
quent hybridization within this family. Hybrids
among species, and even among genera, are
known both from captivity and in nature. Several
hybrids had been wrongly described as new
species.
The Vietnamese Pond Turtle (Mauremys
annamensis), a species almost extinct in the
T S A E U R O P E
Genetic and Shell Shape
Variability in
Mauremys annamensis
Tom Protiva
wild and with a small population in captivity, is
extremely threatened by possible hybridization.
Hybridization among Mauremys annamensis, M.
mutica, M. sinensis, M. nigricans, Cuora amboi-
nensis and C. trifasciata has been reported both
from captivity and in the wild.
The species which is genetically closest,
ecologically similar, and thus most probable
as a partner for hybridization is M. mutica,
which also inhabits the distribution area of M.
annamensis. It's crucial to focus protection and
repatriation efforts only on pure specimens of M.
annamensis and not on hybrids.
Genetic studies carried out in the United
States with samples of captive specimens found
that specimens of M. annamensis form two
groups: One group consists of pure animals, the
second is formed by hybrids of M. annamensis
and some closely related species. These particu-
lar hybrids look physically like M. mutica, ac-
cording to external morphology and coloration,
so it is not possible to confuse them with pure M.
annamensis.
According to mitochondrial genes (genes in-
herited only in the female lineage) there are two
closely related groups of pure M. annamensis.
These results suggest that in the ancient history
of this species, there were either two isolated
populations, or perhaps nearly related species,
which formed M. annamensis as we know it to-
day. Genetic distance between these two groups
is small and there is no reason for distinguish-
ing them as separate taxonomical units at the
moment. It is advisable to keep them separated in
the case of repatriation as there may be possible
reclassification in the future.
Recent genetic research conducted on the
captive European population shows that all
specimens classified as M. annamensis accord-
ing to the size, shell shape, and coloration are
most probably not hybrids. Repatriation to the
original distribution areas of this species is pos-
sible and without risk of contaminating native
populations with hybrids.
Our research of shell shape variability using
the method of geometric morphometrics within
M. annamensis shows that there are differences
between two mitochondrial groups in the shell
shape of carapace and plastron. Our work further
supports distinction of these two groups and im-
portance of their separation in breeding facilities.
It is possible to determine turtle species using
this fast, cheap, and non-invasive method of shell
shape identification and differentiation rather
than through the use of genetic testing.
Contact: Tom Protiva, Email: lda26@volny.cz
Hybridization can be a serious threat for small populations. This photo shows Mauremys annamensis, Mauremys
sinensis and Cyclemys pulchristriata in the local trade in central Vietnam PHOTO CREDIT: TIM MCCORMACK/ATP
Juvenile of Mauremys annamensis at the turtle breeding
center (IZS) in Mnster. PHOTO CREDIT: HEIKO WERNING
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 57 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
T S A E U R O P E
MUENSTER ZOO
Successful Breeding Efforts at International
Center for the Conservation of Turtles (IZS)
at Muenster Zoo Result in Rare Hatchings
Dr. Martina Raffel and Elmar Meier
An adult Cuora cyclornata at the Muenster Zoo. PHOTO CREDIT: HENK ZWARTEPOORTE
Focused breeding efforts at the International
Center for the Conservation of Turtles (IZS)
resulted in a record fourteen hatchlings of the
Yellow-headed Box Turtle (Cuora aurocapitata).
Additionally, the first-ever two hatchlings of the
Central Vietnamese Three-striped Box Turtle
(Cuora cyclornata cyclornata) outside of their na-
tive Southeast Asia were also produced.
In regard to the total number of hatchlings,
2014 has been rather an average year for the IZS
at the Muenster Zoo with 38 offspring in 11 spe-
cies hatched (see table below). Furthermore, for
the first time, female offspring in Cuora aurocap-
titata and McCord's Box Turtle (Cuora mccordi)
produced hatchlings; making these the first ever
reported halfway F2-generation in these species.
The female Zhou's Box Turtle (Cuora zhoui)
offspring, as reported in 2013, produced another
clutch in 2014, and was even joined by a second
female hatched in captivity.
The strategy to establish and build assur-
ance colonies by transferring various turtles to
places such as the Rotterdam Zoo, Nordens Ark,
and with several private turtle keepers, has seen
remarkable success and progress as the breeding
loan turtles quickly started to reproduce. Addi-
tional institutions and private persons have been
included in the ESF studbooks and will hopefully
add up to more overall success in the future.
Contacts: Dr. Martina Raffel, curator for in situ Conserva-
tion, Allwetterzoo Muenster; and Elmar Meier, Volunteer
Project Manager IZS; Email: raffel@allwetterzoo.de
Allwetterzoo Muenster, Sentruper Strasse 315, 48161
Muenster, Germany
TABLE 1:
OFFSPRING HATCHED AT IZS IN 2014
No. of
surviving
hatchlings
English name
Scientific name
14
Yellow-headed
Box Turtle
Cuora aurocapitata
7
Golden Coin
Box Turtle
Cuora cf. cyclornata
2
Central
Vietnamese
three-striped
Box Turtle
Cuora cyclornata cyclornata
2
Meier's Golden
Coin Box Turtle
Cuora cyclornata meieri
4
McCord's
Box Turtle
Cuora mccordi
6
Zhou's
Box Turtle
Cuora zhoui
2
Sulawesi
Forest Turtle
Leucocephalon yuwonoi
1
Vietnamese
Pond Turtle
Mauremys annamensis
december 2015 58 turtle survival
Participation in a research project can have pro-
found effects on the lives of those who volunteer
their time, money, and resources. Since partner-
ing with the Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA), the
North American Freshwater Turtle Research
Group (NAFTRG) volunteer opportunities have
become more accessible to the public, scientists,
and other professionals that are passionate about
turtle conservation. These opportunities have a
lasting impact on their lives.
We have had the privilege of sitting down
with two individuals that have shown their
devotion to turtle conservation by volunteering
with NAFTRG on many occasions. In speaking
PA R T N E R N E W S
NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER TURTLE RESEARCH GROUP
The Multi-faceted Effects of
Research with the NAFTRG
Eric and Jessica Munscher
with these individuals, one can get a better sense
of the positive impact that our research has, not
only for the turtles, but also in the lives of those
who dedicate their time and efforts to the group.
Christopher Havel is currently employed as a
Senior Aquarist at Sea World San Antonio in
Texas. Dr. Beth Walton is currently an Instructor
of Geospatial Technologies, Spatial Analysis and
Modeling at the University of South Florida.
Question: How do you, personally, assist in
research with the NAFTRG?
Havel: The main thing I do is help with the col-
lection of the turtles, donning a mask and snorkel
and gathering up every turtle I can find. It makes
for some friendly competition to see who will come
up with the most. Along with collecting turtles, I
also assist in processing and releasing the turtles,
which includes everything from separating them
by species, inserting PIT tags, marking shells for
identification, or taking weights and measurements
of each individual. Sea World, where I work, has do-
nated supplies in the form of PIT tags and is always
willing to loan out a kayak to the group.

Question: What have you learned from par-
ticipating in field studies that you have passed
on to others?
Longtime volunteer Ben Williams with his haul of turtles at the first ever NAFTRG sample of Weeki Wachee Springs State Park (Florida) in March 2015. PHOTO CREDIT: NICOLE SALVATICO
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 59 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
Walton: I've found that working in the field
with a group of like-minded people who share
the same passion and enthusiasm for turtles pro-
vides a sense of community that is quite unlike
any other I have experienced. I wasn't sure what
I could contribute to the overall survey effort
or if I would get that community feel with the
NAFTRG. Yet, I was warmly greeted by the en-
tire group, and they truly made me feel welcome.
Within an hour, I was PIT tagging and tattooing
turtles with someone more experienced in these
processes right by my side to guide me along.
This is a group in which you can fit right in, and
made to feel like you belong; you make meaning-
ful contributions in collecting and processing the
turtles and thus your contribution of time, past
experiences and new techniques acquired are
valued and encouraged.
Question: What makes you a 'return
volunteer'?
Walton: I am attracted to successful people
and groups especially if I feel I can make a
meaningful contribution to that success by lend-
ing a hand or providing professional expertise. I
found that I could actively assist with the surveys
and help with writing manuscripts. This is "food
for my soul," a form of sustenance that goes well
beyond the repeated daily meals. This type of
nourishment allows me to connect with a group
of people dedicated to a common cause, a cause
that holds no promise of lining our financial
pockets and there's no prospect of praise or
gratitude from the subjects we serve. And yet the
sense of purpose, camaraderie, and peace sustain
me until I can once again participate in the next
field excursion or meeting with these people of
kindred spirits.
Question: What type of opportunities has
NAFTRG opened up to you, outside of the
coordinated group research?
Havel: Connections! While volunteering, I
have been introduced to many people who share
my interest in conservation. This has led to other
potential projects Sea World can get involved in
to benefit other species.
Question: What do you think of NAFTRG
partnering with TSA?
Walton: I think it's a great opportunity for
TSA to champion the long-term research efforts
of NAFTRG and to promote turtle conserva-
tion on a local basis in addition to their global
efforts. Even though many freshwater turtles
are ubiquitous, long-term studies are few, yet
critically important to our overall understanding
of freshwater turtle species. This also provides
unique opportunities for TSA members to par-
ticipate in fieldwork and conservation efforts,
especially for members who cannot volunteer in
other countries.
Volunteer experiences enrich the lives of
those who choose to give their time and talent.
Research efforts, like these conducted by the
NAFTRG, through the TSA, would not succeed
without the generosity of those who care deeply
about turtle conservation. Christopher and Beth
show us that the only prerequisite for volunteer-
ing is having a passion for turtles. We invite you
to participate in upcoming field experiences
to contribute to the success of our group and
continue in our efforts to help keep common
turtles common.
Contacts: Eric C. Munscher, SWCA Environmental
Consultants, 200 Bursca Drive, Suite 200, Bridgeville,
PA 15017; Jessica Munscher, Think Through Math, 116
Federal Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15212
Girl Scout Troop 1187 provided some great volunteer help during the June sampling in Comal Springs (Texas).
PHOTO CREDIT: CRYSTAL ALLGOOD
Dr. Beth Walton holding two large female Suwannee River Cooters (Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis) captured and
processed at Manatee Springs State Park in March 2015. PHOTO CREDIT: NICOLE SALVATICO
december 2015 60 turtle survival
We Are the TSA
M E M B E R S P O T L I G H T S
Christine Bowie
MARK FELDMAN
Hometown: Kerikeri, New Zealand
Occupation: Emergency room physician
What first sparked your interest in doing
research with turtles?
Around 1975, I walked into John Legler's lab
at the University of Utah. While I was there, I
met a young graduate student named Jim Berry.
When I complained to Jim how difficult it was
to catch hatchling turtles for pets he suggested I
The foundation of the Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) is our partnerships, including those with our individual members. With that in mind, we firmly
believe that anyone can contribute to turtle conservation in some way, regardless of background or experience. These are three exceptional members
who do just that. We hope that you enjoy getting to know them.
"make them." He described and demonstrated a
method of using oxytocin to induce adult females
to lay their eggs. This led to a lifelong interest in
developing better methods than using oxytocin
to induce egg laying in turtles.
Do you keep turtles at your home?
We have a collection of 15 Red-eared Sliders
that we keep at our home in New Zealand. We've
had most of them for 20-30 years. They are both
pets and research animals since the females have
had every clutch of eggs induced artificially over
the years. In this way, we can test the long-term
safety of our methods.
What do you enjoy about being a member
of the TSA?
I enjoy the annual symposium the most. I can
sit down next to a complete stranger and we can
be "talking turtle" within seconds.
How would you describe your personal
conservation philosophy?
No farmed animal ever went extinct. I
strongly support using turtle farms to satisfy the
worldwide pet market. In the wild, the chance
of an egg surviving to produce a hatchling is less
than 5%. On a farm it's 85% - a big advantage. Of
course, turtle farming must be accompanied by
strong laws protecting wild populations.
Tell us anything about yourself that
makes you, "you."
I was gifted with a wonderful education. My
skills in physiology, medicine and biochemistry
have all come together to make our research pos-
sible. I have also been gifted with a wife that not
only puts up with me but is eager to participate in
the work in the stifling heat of a Louisiana sum-
mer. What more could a man ask for?
KATHY VAUSE
Hometown: Hopkins, South Carolina
Occupation: Reptile Keeper at Riverbanks
Zoo in Columbia, South Carolina
What first sparked your interest in turtles
and tortoises?
I started working with turtles and tortoises in
1990, when I began working in the reptile depart-
ment at Riverbanks Zoo.
Tell us about your job.
Most of my interactions with turtles and
tortoises are at the zoo, where I happily feed,
clean, observe, and as my co-workers say, "mol-
lycoddle" the zoo's collection of chelonians in the
hopes of making things right for them to thrive
and reproduce in their captive setting.
How did you first learn about the TSA?
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 61 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
I heard about TSA from Scott Pfaff, the
reptile curator at Riverbanks Zoo and Theresa
Stratmann, a reptile department volunteer. We
were very excited when we learned of the Turtle
Survival Center being built so close to Columbia!
I started making trips to the Center to volunteer
whenever I could and I want to continue help-
ing. It has been gratifying to watch it grow! I
attended my first TSA conference just a couple of
years ago, but I plan on making it a habit.
What is your most memorable encounter
with a turtle in the wild?
My most memorable encounter with wild
turtles was helping Theresa with her bog turtle
surveys in the mountains of Georgia. I tagged
along on a few occasions to help check traps and
got to experience the fun of finding turtles and
being immersed in their habitat (sometimes im-
mersed to the point of being stuck!). I also helped
with the collection and transport of traps at the
end of the survey and gained huge respect for the
rigors of field work.
BETH WALTON
Hometown: Tampa, Florida
Occupation: University of South Florida,
School of Geosciences as an Instructor of
Geospatial Technologies, Spatial Analysis and
Ecological Niche Modeling
How did you first learn about the TSA?
My affiliation with the TSA began in 2006
when I contacted Chuck Schaffer about present-
ing at the Annual Conference. While all of the
speaker slots were already filled, he said I could
present a poster of my master's research. I hap-
pened to attend another conference early that
summer and bumped into Chuck. We were both
presenting posters, but as this was the first time
I had ever presented, I took it literally when the
guidelines said I would have an 8 x 4 foot poster
board to hang my poster on and had a poster
made that was large enough to cover it from end
to end. I told Chuck I would get a smaller poster
printed for the TSA meeting, and he said, "No, go
ahead and bring it!" As it turned out, I won the
TSA student poster contest! Chuck always said it
was because of the enormous poster size.
What do you enjoy about being a member
of the TSA?
That first TSA meeting turned out to be one
of the best and most influential conferences I've
ever attended. I can't tell you how wonderful it
was to become part of the TSA "family" of fellow
chelonian researchers that shared my passion for
turtle conservation. Over the years I've had the
pleasure of meeting some remarkable people and
I've seen phenomenal research, amazing strides
made in conservation planning, and I've had op-
portunities to collaborate with fellow research-
ers. I leave the conference each year filled with
new ideas, my spirit fed, and my soul invigorated
with new possibilities.
Have you ever tried to educate others
about turtles and turtle conservation?
As a professor of geoscience technologies, I
take advantage of every opportunity to create
teaching moments to demonstrate the plight
of turtle species on a global, regional, and local
basis. I've been able to introduce my students
to spatial analysis using turtles as subjects for
tracking, home range analyses, ecological niche
modeling, field studies, density analyses, and
habitat preferences. These students have pre-
sented at a number of academic and professional
conferences and will be lifelong ambassadors for
turtle conservation.
What are some of your hobbies?
When I'm not teaching, I enjoy reading,
kayaking, and fishing and anyone who knows me,
knows I love geocaching (a high-tech scavenger
hunt using GPS units). I live in Tampa with my
husband, Al, and our two Pomeranians, Mistee
and Sandee.
december 2015 62 turtle survival
that Martin House brought it back in 2015 as
their October seasonal brew. The brewery once
again sponsored a series of Turtle Power tasting
events in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex
throughout the month of October, raising both
awareness and funds for the TSA.
We're serious about saving turtlesjoin us!
Visit turtlesurvival.org to become a TSA member. Or, complete this form and send, with a check (payable to TSA) to:
TSA, PO Box 12074, Fort Worth, Texas 76110
How did you hear about the TSA? ________________________________
Membership Levels (figures represent annual dues):
Student ($25) Senior ($25) Individual ($50)
Would you like to make your membership "green?" Green members
will not receive a hard copy of the TSA's annual publication in the mail.
Instead, they are invited to read it online. Yes No
Please visit turtlesurvival.org to learn more about
options for Organizational Memberships.
Thanks for your support!
TSA members enjoy a 10% discount
every day on most items in the TSA's
online store. Log into your membership
account at turtlesurvival.org and select
"Member Benefits" from the dropdown
menu to learn about additional offers
and rewards throughout the year.
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The Turtle Survival Alliance teamed up with
Holy City Brewing Company (Charleston, South
Carolina) this September to "Drink Beer. Save
Turtles." The benefit, held during Charleston
Beer Week, was a tremendous success, bringing
awareness to the plight of turtles worldwide. The
team from the Turtle Survival Center escorted
tortoise "ambassadors" throughout the brewery,
providing the opportunity to mingle and "talk
turtle" with the many guests of all ages.
In honor of the occasion, Holy City launched
its limited edition beer, Gimme Shell-ter, an
American Blonde Ale brewed with an all-time
turtle favorite, blackberries. Proceeds from the
sale of the special release beer directly benefitted
the TSA's global turtle conservation programs.
The event in Charleston was inspired by the
TSA's collaboration with Martin House Brewery
(Fort Worth, Texas) in 2014, in which they
debuted their limited edition blackberry Altbier,
Turtle Power. The beer was such a hit last year
Raising a Glass for Turtles
Heather Lowe
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 63 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
T R YO N F U N D U P D AT E
Bern Tryon, who is best known for his pioneering
work with the Southern Bog Turtle (Glyptemys
muhlenbergii), passed away on May 6, 2011. How-
ever, Bern's 25-year commitment to the Southern
Bog Turtle is being sustained as he bequeathed
his significant herpetological library to the
TSA to create an endowment to fund bog turtle
research and conservation. Bern will forever be
remembered for his dedication and passion for
herpetology and uncompromising commitment
to turtle conservation.
We are pleased to announce two projects
have been funded by the Bern W. Tryon Bog
Turtle Conservation Fund this year. These
projects will help to further our knowledge of
this critically endangered species in the southern
portion of its range, which was of vital impor-
tance to Bern and his vision for the long-term
conservation of the bog turtle.
The first funded proposal was from Davidson
College (Emma Rose Parker, Annalee Tutterow,
Shannon Pittman, and Michael Dorcas) titled
"Risk-analysis and Mitigation for a Critically-
endangered Population of Bog Turtles in North
Carolina." Although habitat degradation, loss,
and fragmentation are considered the primary
causes of Bog Turtle population declines, less
attention has been paid to other potential sources
of Bog Turtle mortality, such as trampling by
cows and predation. The lack of knowledge
concerning the severity and nature of these
alternative mortality risks limits the develop-
ment of effective management strategies. The
researchers will monitor potential predator and
cow activity using numerous game cameras set
up within and around the study site located in
the western Piedmont of North Carolina. Their
approach takes into consideration the sensitiv-
ity of small, critically endangered populations
to mortality events and involves strategies to
minimize mortality risk.
The second funded proposal was submitted
by Carola Haas (Virginia Tech) for her project
entitled, "Recovering Information on South-
west Virginia's Bog Turtles: A Need for Data
Management Especially to Document Movement
History". This grant will cover the cost of an
experienced technician to enter all the data col-
lected since 2009 into the Virginia Department
Tryon Bog Turtle Grants Awarded
Bern Tryon preparing to go afield.
of Game and Inland Fisheries Bog Turtle data-
base. Once the database has been updated and
amended, it will be possible to report the capture
history for each individual turtle known in the
area. This information is essential for being able
to calculate survival estimates through mark-
recapture analyses and to determine patterns of
movement between wetlands. Dispersal of over
2.5 km has already been reported for bog turtles
in SW Virginia, and a restored database should
allow more focused analyses to better under-
stand the frequency and distance of movement
among wetlands.
Thus far, Bern's library has generated an en-
dowment of more than $150,000 for Bog Turtle
conservation. However, there are still a number
of wonderful books available for sale, many of
which are out of print. All proceeds from library
sales directly benefit the fund. To view the full
catalog online, please visit:
http://pondturtle.com/btlMain.html.
If you are interested in submitting a proposal
for funding in 2016, information on applying will
be distributed via the TSA, IUCN Tortoise and
Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Project Bog
Turtle, and the Herp Digest. The TSA would like
to thank the Knoxville Zoo for their efforts in
managing the grant process.
Michael Ogle and Heather Lowe
december 2015 64 turtle survival
I well remember the first time I met Kalyar. It was
January 1999, and I was with John Thorbjarnar-
son on my maiden trip to Myanmar, surveying
crocodiles in the Ayeyarwady Delta. It was a
beautiful day dry, sunny, and surprisingly
cool for Myanmar when Kalyar, along with
professor U Win Maung from Yangon University,
arrived by boat at our island camp to spend a
few days gaining research experience. Unbe-
knownst to either of us at the time, this chance
meeting would irrevocably alter the course of
our lives. Over the next three years we worked
together in Wildlife Conservation Society's
(WCS) Myanmar Program. With John Behler,
we searched for Burmese Star Tortoises at Shwe
Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, advised on a nascent
captive-breeding program, and then watched
helplessly as poachers stripped the sanctuary of
its tortoises. That this disheartening experience
brought us closer together was but small consola-
tion for the frustration we felt at being unable
to alter the course of events. In early 2000, we
trekked through the western mountains to study
Arakan Forest Turtles. Later that same year, we
learned of large turtles that laid eggs the "size
of duck eggs", information that ultimately led to
the "rediscovery" of Burmese Roofed Turtles in
the Dokthawady River and set in motion a train
of events culminating in today's successful con-
servation program for this critically endangered
Kalyar Platt
Saving Imperiled Turtles
in Myanmar
Steven G. Platt, Ph.D.
B E H L E R AWA R D
Kalyar Platt holds an exceptionally large Burmese Star Tortoise at the Lawkananda Wildlife Sanctuary in Bagan. PHOTO CREDIT: ME ME SOE
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 65 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org
species. Somewhere along the way we decided to
get married, and in 2004 I was betrothed to this
amazing woman who Rick Hudson has called a
"Force of Nature".
Kalyar was born in 1972 to Daw San San
and U Nyunt Thein in what was then Rangoon,
Burma. As a young girl, Kalyar often accompa-
nied her father, a government engineer engaged
in building hydropower dams to his work sites,
and her earliest memories of turtles are of those
collected by construction workers being thrown
into large pits, destined to be eaten. Fascinated
by the variety of species to be seen, she later
recoiled in horror as her new friends were hauled
from the pit and butchered alive by the camp
cook. Kalyar muses that perhaps it was this early
exposure to needless cruelty, which she was un-
able to reconcile with Buddhist teachings regarding
the sanctity of life, that steered her into a life of
conservation.
Kalyar grew up in Yangon and attended
Yangon University where she earned a BSc. with
Honors in 1995, and her MSc. in 2000. Know-
ing the universities in Myanmar were apt to
be closed at any moment by the ruling military
junta, and hoping to pursue intellectual op-
portunities abroad, Kalyar moved to Bangkok
in 2001 and begin working for WCS-Thailand.
Shortly thereafter she was admitted into the
graduate program at Chulalongkorn University
where in 2007, she earned a Ph.D. studying the
ecology of Batagur affinis under the noted Thai
biologist, Dr. Kumthorn Thirakhupt. Degree in
hand, she moved to the United States where in
the meantime I had taken an academic position
at Sul Ross State University in the tiny hamlet of
Alpine, Texas. Employment opportunities in Al-
pine being almost non-existent, Kalyar moved to
New York to live with her sisters, taking a lucra-
tive job at an orchid farm that catered to the rich
and famous, and we spent the next four years
shuttling back-and-forth on academic holidays.
But something was missing. Although our jobs
were satisfying and financially rewarding, our
passions lay elsewhere - we dreamed of one day
returning to Myanmar and devoting our energies
to turtle conservation. In 2010, Rick Hudson and
Colin Poole made that dream a reality. The TSA
hired Kalyar as Director of the TSA Myanmar
Program and a few months later I came aboard as
the WCS Herpetologist for Southeast Asia.
Kalyar's accomplishments over the past four
years bespeak of her abilities. She is one of those
rare individuals who can not only hob knob with
wealthy donors and government officials, but
also do effective boots-on-the-ground turtle
conservation. Her first achievement was reen-
ergizing the moribund Burmese Star Tortoise
conservation program. To this end, Kalyar
organized a national conservation workshop, and
together with the participants developed an ac-
tion plan outlining how and where to restore this
iconic species. Not content to merely develop the
plan, she next set out to execute it. The upshot is
that almost 250 headstarted Star Tortoises now
roam freely at Minzontaung Wildlife Sanctuary,
with more soon to follow. Building on success,
Kalyar has put in motion a second reintroduc-
tion in Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, a large
protected area that could ultimately be home to
thousands of tortoises. Kalyar has also worked
tirelessly to pull the Burmese Roofed Turtle
back from the edge by overseeing the collection
of eggs from the Chindwin River, conducting
the first release of headstarted turtles (2015),
establishing a third assurance colony, and boost-
ing production of hatchlings at the Mandalay
Zoo. Kalyar's achievements have not gone un-
noticed in Myanmar where turtles are now at the
forefront of the budding conservation movement.
Indeed, in a recent Facebook post, the Assistant
Director General of the Myanmar Forest Depart-
ment wrote that TSA/WCS efforts on behalf of
turtles is without exception the most effective
conservation program in the country, and much
of this success was due to the unceasing labors
of one person, the Leik Saya Magyi, Indomitable
Turtle Lady, of Myanmar, Kalyar Platt.
The Burmese Star Tortoise is one of two endemic chelonian species that are making strong recoveries under Kalyar's
leadership. PHOTO CREDIT: ME ME SOE
august 2011 66 turtle survival
a publication of the turtle survival alliance 67 visit us online at www.turtlesurvival.org

december 2015 68 turtle survival
How Can You Help?
There are many ways that YOU can contribute to turtle conservation and support the TSA's mission of zero turtle
extinctions. Visit the TSA website to learn more!
Make a Donation Your support moves us closer to a goal of zero turtle extinctions.
Purchase Equipment Check out the TSA's Wish List on amazon.com to purchase equipment that is needed by our staff at the Turtle
Survival Center and in the field.
Join the TSA Become a member of the TSA or buy a gift membership for a friend.
Support the TSA at No Extra Cost to You There are several programs available through which you can support the TSA's mission by
doing what you do every day!

Amazon.com Access amazon.com via the TSA link (http://bit.ly/tsa_amazon) and a portion of your purchase will be donated to
turtle conservation!

eBay The TSA is part of the eBay Giving Works program. So, you can support our mission when you buy and sell on eBay.

Good Search What if the TSA earned a donation every time you searched the Internet? Or how about if a percentage of every
purchase you made online went to support our cause? It can, with Good Search!
Shop for the Cause Visit the TSA's online store to purchase t-shirts, art, publications or other merchandise to support conservation
projects around the world. A number of designs are available on a wide variety of merchandise in the TSA's Caf Press store.
Volunteer Pitch in and get your hands dirty! Volunteer opportunities are posted on the TSA website.
http://www.turtlesurvival.org/get-involved
Help us conserve turtles and tortoises for future generations. PHOTO CREDIT: BRIAN HORNE
Planning for
the Future
You can provide for the future needs of our mission
by naming the Turtle Survival Alliance as beneficiary
in your estate plans. A Legacy gift will insure that the
Turtle Survival Alliance keeps its promise of zero turtle
extinctions for years to come. Thank you for taking
the time to explore the benefits of gift planning,
including life income gifts, gift annuities, mutual funds,
real estate, life insurance and other plans.
You can also support the Turtle Survival Alliance by
donating to the Operating Endowment Fund. Your gift
allows you to have a significant impact on the Turtle
Survival Alliance's future by helping to provide an
ongoing income.
For additional information, please contact Ilze Astad,
Director of Development, at 843/830-4040 or
ilze.astad@turtlesurvival.org.

D O N O R R E C O G N I T I O N
Supporters donating
more than $100,000
Disney Conservation Fund
Supporters donating $50,000-$99,999
Alan & Patricia Koval Foundation
Supporters donating $25,000-$49,999
Bill Dennler, Fagus Foundation, San Diego
Zoo, Walter Sedgwick, and Wildlife Conservation
Society
Supporters donating $10,000-$24,999
Conservation International, Dallas Zoo, Detroit
Zoo, Tim & Julie Gregory, Jacksonville Zoo &
Aquarium, Natural Encounters, Inc., Ed Neil,
Oklahoma City Zoo & Botanical Garden, Sedgwick
County Zoo, David Shapiro, St. Louis Zoo, Virginia
Zoo, Roy Young, and Zoo Med Laboratories, Inc.
Supporters donating $5,000-$9,999
Jay Allen, AZA Chelonian Advisory Group,
Brian Bolton, Felburn Foundation, Gladys Porter
Zoo, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium,
John Iverson, Bob Olsen, Phoenix Zoo, Rainforest
at Moody Gardens, Riverbanks Zoo & Garden,
SeaWorld Conservation Fund, Turtle Conserva-
tion Fund, Walde Research and Environmental
Consulting, and World Chelonian Trust
Supporters donating $1,000-$4,999
AAZK - Oklahoma City Zoo, AAZK - Puget
Sound Chapter, Abilene Zoo, Akron Zoo, Albu-
querque BioPark, Audubon Zoo, Baton Rouge
Thank you for
your support!
The TSA gratefully acknowledges the following individuals and organizations
for their generous support from July 2014 through October 2015.
Zoo, Jim Breheny, Brookfield Zoo, Joseph Butler,
Columbus Zoo & Aquarium, Debbie Cooley, Dallas
World Aquarium, Robin De Bled, Desert Tortoise
Council, Florida Aquarium, Fort Worth Zoo, Matt
Frankel, Fresno Chaffee Zoo, Elizabeth Glassco,
Owen Griffiths, Biswajit Guha, Russ Gurley,
William Holmstrom, Holy City Brewing, Houston
Zoo, International Herpetological Symposium,
Jenkinson's Aquarium, Nancy Karraker, Knoxville
Zoo, Robert Krause, Dwight Lawson, Los Angeles
Zoo & Botanical Gardens, Roxane Losey, Hersh
Markusfeld, Martin House Brewing Co., Maryland
Zoo in Baltimore, Lonnie McCaskill, George Mey-
er, Bobbi Miller, John Mitchell, National Zoological
Park, F. James Neil, North Carolina Zoological
Park, Ty Park, Poet Plays, Nancy Reinert, Emily
Rhine, Anders Rhodin, San Antonio Zoological
Gardens & Aquarium, Phil Sigler, Frank & Kate
Slavens, South Carolina Aquarium, Brett & Nancy
Stearns, James & Barbara Stewart, Julia Sweet,
Tennessee Aquarium, Toronto Zoo, Ron Tremper,
Turtle Conservancy, Virginia Aquarium & Marine
Science Center, Bruce Weber, Wildlife World Zoo
& Aquarium, Woodland Park Zoo, Robert Zappal-
orti, Zoo Atlanta, Zoo Miami, and Zoos Victoria
2015 Conference Sponsors
Animex Fencing, Arizona-Sonora Desert
Museum, Kristin Berry, Tonya Bryson, Chelo-
nian Research Foundation, Chiricahua Desert
Museum, Desert Tortoise Council, John Iverson,
Mazuri, Reid Park Zoo, David Shapiro, Frank &
Kate Slavens, Brett & Nancy Stearns, SWCA
Environmental Consultants, Waterland Tubs, and
Zoo Med Laboratories, Inc.
2015 Behler Turtle Conservation
Award Sponsors
Deb Behler, Chelonian Research Foundation, Con-
servation International, Matt Frankel, IUCN Tortoise
and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, George Meyer,
Brett & Nancy Stearns, Turtle Conservancy, Turtle
Conservation Fund, and Wildlife Conservation Society
The TSA would also like to extend special
thanks to the following members and supporters
for their continued commitment and support:
Lonnie McCaskill continued to go above
and beyond as the TSA India Advisor, putting
in many valuable hours to support this critical
conservation program.
Daniel Gaillard, Peter Miller, Nancy Reinert, Rose
Tremblay, and Robert Villa, returned as our faithful vol-
unteers for the 2015 symposium. Randy Babb, Rene
Clark, Cecina Morrow, and Jason Myrand joined them
for the first time, providing A/V and workshop support.
Andrea Currylow, Lonnie McCaskill, Daren Riedle,
Andrew Walde, and Beth Walton put in countless
hours of work behind-the-scenes to make the annual
symposium a reality, catalyzing turtle conservation
globally by bringing together the leaders in the field.
Glenn Scherer provided editorial services for
the Turtle Survival magazine, with Matt Welnack
coordinating design and layout.
Drs. Shane Boylan and Terry Norton demon-
strated outstanding commitment and dedication
to building a contemporary and comprehensive
veterinary program at the Turtle Survival Center.
We pay special recognition to Jay Allen
(Aquarium Innovations) for his commitment to
improving the operations of the TSC and for
other courtesies extended during the past year.
On 18 June 2015 the turtle conservation community awoke to a nightmare more than 4,000
turtles confiscated in a warehouse in Palawan, destined for China markets. Shockingly, over 3,800
of these were Palawan Forest Turtles (Siebenrockiella leytensis), a recently (2004) rediscovered
endemic ranked critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. Though this species has been appearing
in the pet trade with increasing frequency, this magnitude of this seizure was appalling and rapidly
mobilized the global conservation community to action. The responsibility to manage this awful
crisis fell on the able shoulders of Sabine Schoppe of the Katala Foundation, who persevered with
fortitude and tenacity throughout, dealing with huge logistical, political and human challenges.
Sabine's wrap-up report was optimistic: only six turtles remain in care, and overall mortality was
surprisingly low given the deplorable condition that many of these turtles were in. The vast majority were
released back into streams in natural habitat that are being monitored. These results are remarkable
in light of the tragic and dismal situation that Sabine inherited and is a testament to the swift and
effective response by the veterinary community. In all more than 40 organizations globally contributed
funds or medical supplies, or sent staff to assist, and hundreds of individuals made financial donations.
The initial response team in particular is to be commended for quickly restoring order from chaos.
If there is a silver lining to be found in this tragedy, it is this: that the global turtle community can
come together, united behind a single cause, and bring it to closure. This shining moment provides a
glimmer of hope for the future if we can remain united. PHOTO CREDIT: CRIS HAGEN
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