1
Stable Sri Lanka for
Higher Socio-Economic Growth
Sri Lanka has seen unprecedented development post-war,
across the country and in many spheres. However, to continue
this ‘Momentum’ into the future to see the 2020 vision come
to fruition, to become the wonder of Asia, a stable political
environment and continuity of visionary leadership are required.
In furtherance of this, the “Professionals for a Stable Sri Lanka”
provides a quick snapshot of key socio-economic goals and the
vision for a more prosperous and stable Sri Lanka.
Contents
Economy
3
Education
19
Health
27
Senior Citizens
38
Infastructure
39
Energy
42
Urban Development
45
3
Economy
Towards


2020
6
Sustaining macro-economic fundamentals and trends despite global
environment fluctuations

Actual
Projections
Indicator
Unit
2009
2014
2016
2020
Real Sector
GDP Growth
%
3.5
7.8
8.3
8.0
Per Capita GDP at Market Prices
US$
2,057
3,719
4,825
7,500
Inflation (GDP Deflator)
%
5.9
6.0
5.0
4.5
Unemployment
%
5.8
4.0
4.0
3.0
Gross Investment
% of GDP
24.4
31.0
33.1
36.5
External Sector
Trade Gap
% of GDP
-7.4
-9.5
-7.2
-4.5
Exports of Goods and Services
US$ bn
9.0
17.6
25.2
33.6
Imports of Goods and Services
US$ bn
11.7
23.2
29.5
37.3
Current Account Balance
% of GDP
-0.5
-2.1
0.1
0.5
Overall Balance
US$ bn
2.7
1.7
2.9
3.0
Fiscal Sector
Budget Deficit
% of GDP
9.9
5.2
3.8
3.0
Government Debt
% of GDP
86.2
74.3
65.0
50.0
7
Sri Lanka was
trapped
in a “vicious”
cycle for more
than 5 decades
Sri Lanka is
currently
experiencing a
“virtuous” cycle
High
inflation
Low debt
levels
High
interest
rates
Low
inflation
Low
investor
confidence
Real
interest
rates
Sluggish
investment
Enhanced
savings
Low
Growth
Regular
pipeline of
investments
High
fiscal
deficit
Sustained
growth
The decades-old “vicious cycle” has now been replaced with the present
day “virtuous cycle”…
8
A GDP around
US$ 150 bn, a US$ 7,000+
per capita income, and
sound macroeconomic
fundamentals…
Economic growth
averaging around
8% from 2015
onwards
Poverty at very low
levels, with abject
poverty having
been eradicated
Unemployment
limited to standard
unemployment
levels
Current account
at surplus with
foreign reserves
growing faster
A debt to GDP
level around
50%
Inflation at the
lower end of
mid-single digits
A Sri Lankan rupee
that has appreciated
gently over the years,
from 2015 to 2020
Sri Lanka’s per capita income would surpass US$ 4,000 by
2015 while the GDP would reach US$ 100 bn in 2016…
2003
2011
2013
2015
2016
$ 4,825
(Projected)
GDP
$ 101.8 bn
$4,240
(Projected)
GDP
$88.7 bn
$3,280
GDP
US$ 67.2 bn
$2,836
GDP
US$ 59.2 bn
$981
GDP
US$ 18.9 bn
9
By 2020 sector composition would
have undergone a gentle change…
Sectoral Share of GDP -
Actual and Projected
The National Ramifications
National Mileposts
Market based Targets
• A more modern and high yielding
Agriculture sector of US$ 10 bn
(6.7%) (2013: US$ 7.2 bn)
• A more innovative and advanced
Industry sector of US$ 50 bn
(33.3%) (2013: US$ 21.8 bn)
• A more broad-based and dynamic
Services sector of US$ 90 bn
(60.0%) (2013: US$ 38.1 bn)
Poverty
: Less than 1%
Unemployment
: Less than 3%
Acute Malnutrition
amongst children
under 5 years
: Less than 3%
Electricity coverage
: 100%
Literacy
: 100%
Computer Literacy
: 90%
Life Expectancy
: Above 80 yrs.

for both male

and female
New Highways
: Additional


311 km
Monorails
: To be initiated


in 2015
Entire road network
: All weather


roads with


100% rural


accessibility
Public investment
: 8% of GDP
National Savings/
investment gap
: 0.5% of GDP
Stock Market
Capitalisation
: US$ 150 billion
Corporate bond
market
: US$ 30 billion
Bank assets
: Rs. 18 trillion
Sectoral Share of GDP -
Actual and Projected
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1950
Agriculture
1977
2009
2013
2016
(Proj)
2020
(Proj)
%
Industry
Services
45
.0
19
.1
35
.9
30
.7
28
.7
40
.6
12
.7
29
.7
57
.6
10
.8
31
.1
58
.1
10
.0
32
.0
58
.0
6.
7
33
.3
60
.0
10
2020 to have a greater bias towards export
of services & products
• Tourism
•
Maritime
•
IT/BPO
•
Knowledge based economy
• Aviation
Projected Receipts from the Export of Goods and Services
0
8
16
24
32
40
Merchandise Exports (US$ bn)
2011
2012
2013
2014
(Proj)
2016
(Proj)
2020
(Proj)
%
Service Receipts (US$ bn)
Services
US$ bn
% of GDP
11
External Account Targets & Projections for 2016 & 2020 (Per Annum Value, US$ bn)
Item
2013
2016
2020
Merchandise Exports of which
10.4
15.9
21.4
Tea
1.5
2.2
2.5
Rubber
0.1
0.2
0.3
Textiles & Garments
4.5
5.6
8.0
Rubber products
0.8
1.2
1.5
Gems, Diamonds & Jewellery
0.4
1.0
1.5
Services Exports of which
4.7
9.3
12.3
Earnings from tourism
1.7
4.1
6.0
Port and Airport related services
1.0
1.5
2.0
IT/BPO services
0.6
1.0
2.0
Oil and Gas
-
0.5
3.0
Workers’ remittances
6.4
8.3
10.5
Foreign Direct Investment
1.4
2.8
4.3
Long term loan inflows
Government
1.6
2.2
2.7
Private sector
0.7
1.0
1.2
14
The Economic Diversification - 5 Hub++ Strategy
• Colombo – Container mega hub
• Hambantota – Free port, Service and
Industrial port declared as a “Free
Port”
• Galle – Leisure Port
• Trincomalee – Port-related industries
and Port City
• Oluvil – Commercial and fisheries
• Kankasanthurei and Point Pedro –
Regional ports
• Develop renewable energy sources
• Oil exploration and production –
(Mannar, Cauvery, Southern waters)
• Develop oil trade related ancilliary
services including gas
• Arrivals target of 4.5 mn by 2020
• Earnings from Tourism to increase
to US$ 6.0 bn by 2020
• IT literacy and internet access for all
• Creation of knowledge-based jobs
• Promotion of research and innovation
• Sri Lanka as an “education” destination
Accredited foreign universities in
Sri Lanka
• Sri Lanka as a top centre in the
region for commercial services
• Growth of ports and tourism will
catalyse the development of Sri
Lanka’s commercial sector
• Second international airport at
Mattala
• Modernisation and the 2nd Runway
at BIA
• Upgrading of domestic airports
• Colombo as a regional logistics and
services hub
15
While focusing on Sri Lanka: 2020, a longer term vision, whereby Sri Lanka
moves to the “High Income” category by 2040, must also now enter the planning
horizon…
Congo Dem. Rep
(230)
India
(1,580)
Philippines
(2,500)
Thailand
(5,210)
South Africa
(7,610)
Malaysia
(9,820)
Chile
(14,310)
Rep. of Korea
(22,670)
Switzerland
(80,970)
Norway
(98,860)
Bermuda
(104,590)
Low Income
Lower Middle
Income
Middle
Income
Upper Middle
Income
High Income
4,085
1,035
12,616
S
ri
L
an
ka

20
20
S
ri
L
an
ka
N
o
w
U
S
$
3,
28
0
S
ri
L
an
ka
2
04
0
16
Corporate Tax Rates
in Selected Countries in 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
39
37
34
30
30
28*
28
25
23
22
22
17
16.5
15
12.5
Japan
USA
Pakistan
India
Australia
Sri Lanka
New Zealand
China
UK
Vietnam
Korea
Singapore
Hong Kong
Germany
Ireland
* For exports, SME’s and several other sectors the rate is 12%
%
Personal Tax Rates in Selected Countries in 2014
Corporate Tax Rates in Selected Countries in 2013
Favourable Tax Policies
Personal Tax Rates
in Selected Countries in 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
52
51.7
45
45
45
45
40
39.6
38
35
33
30
30
26
24
20
17
Denmark
Netherlands
UK
Australia
China
Germany
Japan
USA
Korea
Vietnam
New Zealand
India
Pakistan
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Singapore
Hong Kong
17
Tax on Employment Income in Selected Countries in the Region
Tax on Employment Income in
Selected Countries in the Region
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
38
K
or
ea
V
ie
tn
am
In
di
a
P
ak
is
ta
n
M
al
ay
si
a
S
in
ga
po
re
S
ri
La
nk
a
35
30
30
26
20
16
18
“Our resolutions to alleviate poverty and uplift the living
environment of the poor remain an uncompromised goal.
Let’s commit to create a poverty free Sri Lanka by 2015”
His Excellency Mahinda Rajapaksa
(President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka,
Minister of Finance and Planning Budget Speech 2013.)
19
Education
Towards


2020
20
I will restructure the education and knowledge systems
suitably, so that Sri Lanka becomes a key hub for knowledge and
learning in the world.
(Mahinda Chinthana, 2010, p-18)
Vision
Future generations of Sri Lankan citizens equipped with competencies
to meet the challenge of a changing, globalized, knowledge-driven
economy
Sri Lanka has successfully achieved the Millenium Development
Goals for education.
• Universal primary education enrolment of 98.3 percent
• Literacy of 96.4 percent
• The decline of dropout rate up to grade 5 to 0.23 percent in 2012.
• The provision of primary education aims at all-round development of
children from grade 1-5, laying a firm foundation required to continue
to secondary education.
• The secondary education, from grade 6-13, focuses on building
essential knowledge, skills and attitudes required to gain vocational
and specialized education.
21
Indicator
2005
2012
2016
Literacy Rate
90.8
96.4
98
Computer Literacy Rate
9.7
35
75
Net primary enrollment rate
95
98.3
100
Net secondary enrollment rate
82
96
98
Age Specific enrollment rate (age 5-19 years)
75.2
81.2
90
Survival rate at Grade 5
97.7*
98
100
Survival rate at Grade 9
92.2*
95.8
100
School drop-out rate
2.65
2.13
0
Schools by Functional Grade
1 AH
1C
Type 2
Type 3
1A - Schools having A/L Science,
Commerce and Art streams
1C - Schools having only A/L Commerce
and Arts Streams
Type 2 - Schools having up to Grade
11 (O/L)
Type 3 - Primary Schools
Schools by Functional Grade
1 AH
1C
Type 2
Type 3
1A - Schools having A/L Science,
Commerce and Art streams
1C - Schools having only A/L Commerce
and Arts Streams
Type 2 - Schools having up to Grade
11 (O/L)
Type 3 - Primary Schools
Education Sector Indicators
Schools by Functional Grade
22
Mechanical
Technology
Students qualified
with NVQ 3
certificate
Able to obtain
a degree
GROUP A
Electrical,
Electronics and
Information
Technology
Civil
Technology
Food
Technology
Agro
Technology
Bio Resource
Technology
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Agriculture
Accounting
Geography
Information
Technology
Combined
Mathematics
GROUP B
GROUP C
2013 14,000
students in
250 schools
2017 80,000
students in
1,000 schools
Able to follow
NVQ 4 certificate
Considering the importance of creating a pathway as formal and skills education
and the early introduction of skills education subjects to youth, the government
has introduced a Technology Stream for GCE (A/L) in addition to the existing A/L
streams. The Technology Stream will be introduced to all 1,000 schools, which are
being developed, by 2016.
Introduction of Technology Stream
Clusters of A/L Technology Stream subjects
23
KNOWLEDGE PATH
Early Childhood Development
TYPE 3 - Primary
Schools
3,262
TYPE 2
Schools - 3869
lC Schools - 2013
1AB Schools - 753
HIGHER EDUCATION
ENTER SOCIETY AND BECOME GAINFULLY
EMPLOYED
5000 Primary
Schools
Development
Programme
360,000
NEW
BIRTHS
SCHOOL
NETWORK
Special School
Development
Programme
Type 2, 1C
schools without
primary and
primary schools
with less than 50
Students
1000 1AB
schools
development
programme
Skills Sector
Development
Programme
2014-2020
N
VQ
1
N
VQ
2
N
VQ
3
N
VQ
4
N
VQ
5
N
VQ
6
N
VQ
7
24
Skills Education
I will identify and provide opportunities for our youth to follow
internationally reputed training programmes that provide internationally
recognized qualifications, so that our youth are equipped to meet the
demands of the global workforce
(Mahinda Chinthana, 2010, p-69)
To cater to the massive economic growth the availability of a highly skilled labour
force is essential to boost value and productivity.
The Need for Cutting-Edge Improvements in Skills Education is
Evident…
1. 90% of youth dropped out from formal education without employable
skills
2. Unemployment of 17.3% among educated youth
3. Shortage in skilled labour force and low labour force participation rate
(48.6%), which is the lowest in South Asia.
4. Existing skills education system is not efficient to meet the current
labour market demand
5. High demand for skilled foreign employment
6. Societal transformation towards economic growth
25
Societal transformation towards economic
growth
Agricultural Society
Industrial Society
Knowledge Society
Information Society
Ec
on
om
ic
G
ro
w
th
Social Transformation
Technology
Network
Innovation
Raw
Materials Agri
products
Industrial
products
Information
products
Knowledge
products
Training Needs to Meet the Local/ Foreign Labour Market
Demands
New Entrants to
the Labour force
Existing
Workforce
S
ki
lls
U
pg
ra
di
ng
o
f E
xi
st
in
g

La
bo
ur
F
or
ce
Yo
ut
h
pa
ss
ed
o
ut
fr
om

te
ch
no
lo
gy
s
tr
ea
m
a
nd

d
ro
p
ou
ts

fr
om
f
or
m
al

Ed
uc
at
io
n
26
NVQ Certificates Issued in 2012 and Forecasts for 2016
N
o.
o
f N
VQ
H
ol
de
rs
60,000
Basic
Skills
Work under
Supervision
Work under some
supervision
Work
Independently
Supervise
others
Manage
others
Involve in design
and innovation
By 2012
Certificated
Diplomas
Degree
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
Level 7
By 2016
By 2020
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
As at June 2013 a total of 1,119 vocational education training institutions have been
registered with Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission (TVEC) to deliver 5950
training courses. Of these, 1388 training courses were accredited to the National
Vocational Qualification (NVQ). Those training institutions are collectively able to
train around 174,000 youth per year. However, only 18,000 have obtained the NVQ
certification in 2012.
27
Health
Towards


2020
28
The progressive decline in the maternal and infant mortality rates as well as the
continued rise in life expectancy show that the country is on track in terms of
Millennium Development Goals.
Building a Healthy Nation
Health Care Personel
Social Indicators
Health Care Personnel
No. of Public Health Midwives (PHM)
No. of Doctors
No. of Nurses
30,217
20,332
7,316
12,692
8,703
18,252
Social Indicators
0
5
10
2005
2012
Maternal mortality rate (per 1000 live births)
Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)
Improving facilities for
medical research
Investments in NCD control
programmes
Continued investment in
preventive healthcare/
communicable diseases
control programmes.
Strengthening nutritional
surveillance of pregnant
mothers, infants and
pre-school children
Developing a network of modern
hospitals with state of the art
technologies and a pleasant
environment
Provision of effective mental
health services
Provision of effective mental
health services
Regulating private health
institutions for better
service
E- Health serives
Provision of essential
& modern equipment
Increase local drug
production.
Ex
pa
nd
ed
N
at
io
na
l E
xp
en
di
tu
re

R
s
15
2.
0
B
ill
io
n
in
2
01
3
29
The Healthcare System
Key Health Indicators
“It is imperative that a healthy work-force is maintained, and that should
be the prime responsibility of the Health sector during this second
decade of the 21st Century, when the country is to move towards a
modern state with a speedy economic development process.....”
Mahinda Chintana 2010, p 77-78
In 2013 the country ranked 92nd among 186 countries in the Human
Development Index (HDI), which is considered as a high HDI country.
HDI Rank 92nd among 186 countries
Key Indicator
2005
2010
Maternal Mortality Rate/1,000 live births
0.44
0.31
Under Five Mortality Rate/1,000 live births
13.5
11.1
Infant Mortality Rate /1,000 live births
11.2
9
Antenatal Cover (4 visits) (%)
92
93
Institutional Deliveries (%)
99
99.8
Life Expectancy (Years): Male



Female
70.4
72
72
75
Beds/100,000 population
31
34.0
Doctors/100,000 Population
51.1
71.3
Nurses/100,000 Population
103
146.3
30
Health Sector Targets: 2020
• Maternal Mortality Rate reduced to 0.2 per 1,000 live births
• Under Five Mortality Rate reduced to 6 per 1,000 live births
•
Infant Mortality Rate reduced to 8 per 1,000 live births
•
Increase Life Expectancy to (Years):
Male
80

Female
86
•
Increase number of hospital beds to 40 per 10,000 population
• Reduction of NCD mortality by 25%
Service Delivery Targets
• Modern hospitals with state–of–the-art technologies to address NCDs
• Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) with specific facilities
• One Healthy Lifestyle Clinic (HLC) in each MoH area
•
Increase bed occupancy rate in Regional Hospitals by 25%
• No waiting list for:
• High Energy Radiotherapy Treatment for cancer patients
• MRI Scanning
• CT Scanning
• Dialysis
• Reduce waiting list up to 2-3 months for cardiac/cardiothoracic treatment
31
Equipment for Maternal and
Childcare
Diagnostic Equipment
Total Equipment Requirement in
Hospitals by Category
Total Equipment Requirement in
Hospitals by Category
The four maternal hospitals contribute
to about 10 percent of child deliveries
in the country. They also provide highly
specialized mother and child care.
The provincial and district general
hospitals and base hospitals largely
contribute to child delivery.
Infant mortality – deaths within one
year after birth (9 per 1,000 live births)
has significantly reduced over the
past years.
Neo-natal mortality (deaths within 28
days after birth) is still high (6.4 per
1,000 live births).
Therefore, equipment deficiencies in
hospitals should be addressed.
Equipment
Total
Requirement
Infant Incubator
140
Phototherapy Unit
109
ICU Ventilator Neonatal
42
Infant Warmer
7
Baby Resuscitator
17
Improving availability and timely
accessibility of health equipment in all
hospitals has become a priority of the
government.
In particular X-ray and related
equipment, gastro viewing and
high energy radiotherapy treatment
machines will be provided to selected
hospitals islandwide.
Equipment
Total
Requirement
Digital Multipurpose
Angiography
15
Dedicated Angiography
7
CR System
6
PET CT
2
Gamma Camera
5
Digital Fluoroscopy
37
C Arm X-ray
11
CT Scanner 128 Slice
with Cardiac Package
3
CT Scanner - 16 & 64
Slice
32
32
Equipment
Total
Requirement
Mammography
18
MRI Scanner - 1.5
tesla
9
MRI Scanner - 3.0
tesla
8
Ultra Sound Scanner
(Portable)
84
Ultra Sound Scanner
119
Digital, Ceiling
Mounted X-ray
machines
50
More sophisticated treatment/
investigative machines such as
MRI, CT, UT scanners, CR systems,
PET machines, Linear Accelerators,
Dosimeter System and accessories,
Big Bore CT Simulators, and
Brachytherapy units etc. will be
provided to the following hospitals.
Number of Hospitals to be Provided
with Necessary Equipment 2014-2017
Developing A Network Of Modern
Hospitals With A Patient Friendly
Environment
Hospital
Total No.
District General
Hospital
18
Base Hospital
66
Base Hospital Type A
45
Special Hospital
14
Divisional Hospital
483
Total
605
Centres of Excellence to Treat Non-
Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Morbidity and mortality due to NCDs,
are widely prevalent, causing a double
burden. Currently, it is estimated that
NCDs account for an estimated 65
percent of all deaths.
Developing and maintaining centres of
excellence to address the prevalence
of NCDs is required.
Hospital
Total No.
National Hospital
1
Teaching Hospital
21
Provincial General
Hospital
2
33
Propotional Mortality
Number of Deaths of Selected NCDs in Hospitals
Propotional Mortality
Injuries
Communicable, maternal, prenatal
and nutritional conditions
Other NCDs
Diabetes
Resplratory diseases
Cancers
Cardio Vascular diseases
26%
9%
14%
4%
8%
9%
30%
Cases per 100,000
Population
Deaths per 100,000
Population
Disease
2008
2010
2008
2010
Neoplasms
359
381
17.2
21.5
Mental and Behavioural Disorders
200
213
0.0
0.0
Diseases of the Circulatory System
1383
1427
59.0
63.1
Diseases of the Respiratory System
2745
2850
25.0
24.1
Injury, Poisoning and certain other
consequences of external causes
4201
4818
14.8
15.2
To respond to NCDs and ensure
immediate treatment, it is expected
to develop centers of Excellence in
relation to;
• Cardiology,
• Oncology,
• Accident and Trauma
• Stroke
34
Proposed Centres of Excellence
Specific Area
Ongoing and to be Developed Excellence Centers
Cardiology Related
Cardiology/
Cardiothoracic Centers
National Hospital Colombo
Lady Ridgeway Hospital
Teaching Hospital Kandy
Teaching Hospital Karapitiya
Teaching Hospital Jaffna
Cardiology Centers
Teaching Hospital Batticaloa
Teaching Hospital Kurunegala
District General Hospital Ampara
District General Hospital Matale
District General Hospital Vavuniya
Accident and Trauma Care
Accident and Emergency Unit
Teaching Hospital Ragama
Teaching Hospital Kandy
Teaching Hospital Kurunegala
Accident and Emergency Unit
Provincial General Hospital Ratnapura
District General Hospital Kalutara
District Base Hospital Gampola
Trauma Care Centre
Teaching Hospital Batticaloa
Stoke Center
Base Hospital Mulleriyawa
35
Specific Area
Ongoing and to be Developed Excellence Centers
Oncology
Oncology Care Unit
National Cancer Institute Maharagama
Teaching Hospital Batticaloa
Teaching Hospital Kandy
Teaching Hospital Kurunegala
Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura
Provincial General Hospital Badulla
Provincial General Hospital Rathnapura
Teaching Hospital Karapitiya
Teaching Hospital Jaffna
36
Programme
Total
Investment
(Rs.mn)
Construction of accident wards, operating theaters and an intensive care
unit at BH Gampola
258
Construction of cardiothoracic unit at Lady Ridgeway Hospital
120
Construction of the State-of-the-Art cancer ward complex at National
Cancer Institute Maharagama
1,250
Construction of Cardiology, catheter lab, laboratory and ward complex of
Teaching Hospital Batticaloa
627
Construction of Cardiology at Teaching Hospital Kurunegala
650
Construction of Accident Services at Ratnapura
502
Construction of Emergency and Accident Centre at TH Batticaloa
1,100
Establishment of Cardiothoracic Unit at TH Jaffna
725
Establishment of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Unit at NHSL
17,160
Ongoing and Proposed Programmes
Improving universal access to health through ‘Shared Care Clusters’
A fully-fledged hospital developed in each district can serve as a cluster hospital.
In improving such cluster hospitals,
•
In-patient and out-patient sections
• Diagnostic services
•
Laboratory and radiology services will be developed
37
Rural Hospital
Fully Fleged Hospital
(TH/GH/BH
Rural Hospital
Specialist Care
High quality diagnostic facilities
Supply of Essential medicines
Laboratory facilities etc...
BH
CD & MH
CD
RH
PU
Each primary level institution will have
its own community area and people in
the area will register at this institution by
choice.
The residents of areas surrounding
the primary care institutions will be the
catchment population for the cluster
hospital and it can be a BH, GH or TH.
All hospitals can be mapped into a
cluster system with the specialities of TH/
GH/BH and the surrounding primary level
hospitals.
38
Senior Citizens – The wealth of Experience
Taking care of our elders is culturally ingrained in all
Sri Lankans. As such the family ensures that aging
family members are looked after. However the Sri
Lankan population has a high proportion of elders,
which is growing considerably each year. Currently,
the elderly population constitutes 12.2 percent of the
total population and it will increase up to 22 percent by
2020. The increase in the elderly population will mean
a greater prevalence of disability and chronic illness
demanding long term expensive health care facilities
and other social support.
In caring for the elderly population, attention will
be also drawn to the health issues, preventive
and curative measure will be taken to address the
occurrence of diseases, especially non communicable
diseases among the aging population.
Within the elderly population, 33 percent are differently
abled and out of the total disable population, 50
percent are elders. Elderly persons with disabilities
face more difficulties in managing their day to day life.
In this regard elders’ homes with necessary facilities
that cater to the needs of the differently abled elders
have to be developed.
‘It is our responsibility to create a better environment for the senior
citizens to live with dignity.”
(Mahinda Chinthana, 2010, p-24)
Sri Lanka Ranks 36 in the Global Age
Watch Index 2013 and is termed a ‘better
off’ country to live as an elderly person.
39
Infrastructure
Towards


2020
42
Electrification Level (%)
Province
District
2000
2005
2010
2012
2014
Western
Colombo
96
96
100
100
100
Gampaha
80
96
100
100
100
Kalutara
47
78
90
100
100
Southern
Galle
55
91
98
100
100
Matara
50
86
96
100
100
Hambantota
29
68
100
100
100
Sabaragamuwa
Ratnapura
37
61
88
93
100
Kegalle
39
70
79
91
100
Central
Kandy
53
74
91
98
100
Matale
30
74
84
97
100
Nuwara Eliya
55
77
86
87
100
North Western
Kurunegala
37
66
86
92
100
Puttalam
50
73
90
91
100
North Central
Anuradhapura
43
62
73
91
100
Polonnaruwa
36
61
84
85
100
Uva
Badulla
45
63
82
91
100
Monaragala
15
47
50
76
100
Eastern
Trincomalee
28
50
57
80
100
Batticaloa
49
47
55
74
100
Ampara
17
60
68
88
100
Northern
Jaffna
n.a
49
72
90
100
Killinochchi
n.a
30
10
32
100
Mullaitivu
n.a
30
16
28
100
Mannar
n.a
30
44
80
100
Vavuniya
n.a
66
68
83
100
Overall
52
77
88
94
100
Energy Towards 2020
43
• Expanding the distribution network
to ensure 100 percent electrification
• Developing low and medium voltage
network to reduce system losses
• Under the “Lighting Sri Lanka”
programme, rural electrification
projects are being implemented
island-wide.
• Development of electricity distribution
of the North and Eastern provinces
is currently in progress. (Negenehira
Navodaya:
Rs. 4,550 mn and Uthru
Wasanthaya: Rs. 4,270mn)
• Under the “Grama Shakthi
Programme,” renewable energy
technologies will be established in
rural and other locations, where the
extension of the national grid will not
be feasible. This is also expected to
eliminate kerosene based lighting,
which has adverse effects on public
health and safety.
Electricity Distribution Strategies
During 2012, total electricity level
was recorded as 94% and by 2014
it is expected to reach 100%.
Private Sector Participation in
Renewable Energy Development
The private sector will be encouraged to
undertake small-scale non-conventional
renewable energy projects.
Appropriate and efficient regulatory
and administrative facilities such as
environmental clearance, financial and
technical advices will be provided.
Assistance with administrative facilities
such as environmental clearance, land
clearance, financial and technical advice
will be provided.
• Public-private partnerships will be
encouraged to undertake large scale
power plants
• Private investors are encouraged
to develop Non-Conventional
Renewable Energy (NCRE) plants
below 10 MW based on technology
specific tariff structure.
44
Year
Installed Capacity (MW)
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Total
2012
229
81
11
23
344
2013
274
131
41
33
479
2014
309
151
71
43
574
2015
329
251
86
68
734
2016
349
281
101
93
824
2017
369
311
116
118
914
2018
379
341
131
143
994
2019
389
371
146
148
1054
2020
400
401
161
153
1114
Proposed Development Plan of NCRE Sector
45
The country’s rapid transformation
towards an economic hub entails
a number of structural changes
in the physical landscape. Urban
development, expressways,
highways, sea ports, airports,
telecommunication and information
technology have contributed to this
transformation.
Is
su
es
a
nd
c
ha
lla
ng
es
in
u
rb
an
D
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
Increase in urban population
Low density urban sprawl and ribbon development
Increasing vehicle population and traffic congestion due to lack of high density
Urban public transportation
New demand for urban infrastructure-unable to cope with the increasing domestic and
industrial demand
Environment conservation for healthy living
Solid waste management not on par with city growth
Emerging demand for common facilities and public spaces for city dwellers/suburb
townships
Meeting the increasing demand for housing and address the issues of underserved
settlements
Due to climate change our cities are becoming more vulnerable to natural disasters
VISION
Connectivity
Uniqueness
Greenish
Integration
Mobility
Vibrancy
Functionality
Accessibility
Environmental
Friendly
Sustainability
Urban Development Towards 2020
48
City Order
Development Strategy
Cities
Large Cities
Global Business Hub
Colombo
Hambantota
Trincomalee
Diversified City
Jaffna
Strategic Cities
Heritage City
Kandy
Galle
Ancient City/Historical
Anuradhapura
Polonnaruwa
Logistical Corridors
Dambulla
Kurunagala
Ratnapura
Tourism Corridors
Nuwara Eliya
Batticaloa
Secondary Cities
Emerging Cities
Municipal Councils and Urban
Councils Except above
Urban Service Centres
Pura Neguma
Small towns under pradeshiya
sabha
City and Township Development Strategic Framework 2014-2016
49
Progress of Construction of the Expressway Network
Completed Expressways
Ongoing Expressways
Ongoing Expressways
Planned - Medium Term
Kottawa – Galle of the Southern Expressway (95 km)
Colombo – Katunayake Expressway (26 km)
Galle – Matara of the Southern Expressway (36km)
Outer Circular Highway (28 km)
Planned, long term comprehensive studies should be conducted for the following
expressway projects : Dambulla – Trincomalee, Dambulla –Jaffna, Puttalam and
Ratnapura links to Colombo Hambantota – Batticaloa Connectivity to the Asian
Highway via Mannar
Extension of the Southern Expressway from Matara – Mattala with a link to the
Hambantota Port (94 km)
Northern Expressway from Enderamulla – Dambulla (154 km) Kandy link from the
Northern Expressway (46 km)
50
Category
Length (km)
Bridges
(No.)
Trunk roads (A Class)
4,221
1,922
Main roads (B Class)
7,948
2,641
Total
12,169
4,563
Lane type
Length (km)
Percentage
(%)
Multi-Lanes (4 or 6 lane)*
285
2
Dual lanes
5,966
48
Intermediate lane
2,714
23
Single lane
3,325
27
Total
12,290
100
National Highway Network
Enhancing the Network Efficiency
National highways comprising of trunk
and main roads convey nearly 80 percent
of the traffic while providing Island-wide
connectivity. Therefore, maintaining these
pathways is given much attention. As such
Roads,
a) Trunk or Main, which have been partly
reconstructed
b) Which have reached their saturated
levels
c) Passing through industrial, commercial
and residential areas
d) Connecting provincial and rural roads and
residential areas
e) Where Surface conditions have deteriorated
have been chosen to be reconstructed or
widened
Around 50 percent of national highways that
are in single or intermediate lane standards, of
which 30 percent will be widened to dual or
multi-lane standards by 2016.
51
Sequenced Transformation of Public Transport Greater Colombo
TRANSFORMING THE URBAN LANDSCAPE
EVOLVING URBAN TRANSPORT
GLOBAL BUSINESS HUB
A green city
and urban
regeneration
Improve urban
environmental
services
2005-2012
road widening and grade
separation by flyovers-fleet increase
2003-2016
Multimodel connectivity
among rail, bus & other
modes, private sector
participation
Beyond 2016 high
capacity mass
transit system
52
Comparison of different mass transport modes in terms of
basic parameters
Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT)
Monorail
Light Rail Transit
(LRT)
Capacity
3,000 - 20,000
7,000 – 30,000k
7,000-30,000
Scheduled speed
15-20km/h
20-40km/h
20-40km/h
Land acquisition
Along roads
Only major
stations
Station and some
roads
Stop spacing
0.5-1 km
0.5-1 km
0.3-1 km
Initial cost
USD 2 mn/km
USD 30-40
mn/km
USD 35-45 mn/km
Operating and
maintenance cost
per car km
(car km/capacity)
USD 1.3 per car km
($0.03 per passenger)
USD 2.5 per car
km ($0.03 per
passenger)
USD 4 per car km
($0.04 per passenger)
Suitable condition
passenger per
hour per direction
(PPHPD)
<15,000 PPHPD
15,000-30,000
PPHPD
>30,000 PPHPD
To make Colombo a world-class city,
the urban transport system needs to be
developed to reflect much integration.
The existing Colombo City transport
system does not adequately address the
increasing demand for public transport
while the quality of public transport keeps
deteriorating. As a result, private vehicles
and para-transits are being used instead.
In addition to the city vehicle population,
over 160,000 vehicles enter the Colombo
city each day from six corridors out of
which over 100,000 are motorcycles, three-
wheelers and small cars. The existing road
capacity is not adequate to address or meet
the current demand due to the rapid growth of
vehicles.
At present, peak hour average speed is 17km/
hr and will reduce to 13km/hr by 2021. To
overcome this problem, a Urban Transport
Master Plan for the Colombo Metropolitan
Region for the period of 2015-2035 is being
formulated where a study conducted will
recommend the most feasible transport mode.