BASICS OF
ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE
WHAT IT IS AND WHAT YOU CAN DO
Geri T., living with Alzheimer's, and her
husband and care partner, Jim T.
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WHAT IS ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE?
Alzheimer’s (AHLZ-high-merz) is a disease
of the brain that causes problems with
memory, thinking and behavior. It is not a
normal part of aging.
Alzheimer’s gets worse over time. Although
symptoms can vary widely, the first problem
many people notice is forgetfulness that’s
severe enough to affect their ability to
function at home or at work, or to enjoy
hobbies.
The disease may cause a person to become
confused, get lost in familiar places, misplace
things or have trouble with language.
It can be easy to explain away unusual
behavior as part of normal aging, especially
for someone who seems physically healthy.
However, any concerns about memory loss
should be discussed with a doctor.
CONTENTS
1. Alzheimer’s and other dementias .......... p.2
2. How Alzheimer’s affects the brain ....... p.4
3. Causes and risk factors .............................. p.7
4. How to find out if it’s
Alzheimer’s disease ....................................... p.9
5. When the diagnosis is Alzheimer’s ....... p.13
6. Stages of the disease ................................... p.15
7. Treating the symptoms............................... p.18
8. Hope for the future ..................................... p.23
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1. ALZHEIMER’S AND
OTHER DEMENTIAS
Alzheimer’s
More than 5 million Americans have Alzheimer’s,
the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer’s
accounts for 60 to 80 percent of all dementia
cases. That includes 10 percent of those age 65
and older and one-third of those 85 and older.
Alzheimer’s also impacts the more than 15 million
Americans who provide these individuals with
unpaid care.
Dementia
Dementia is a general term for the loss of
memory and other cognitive abilities serious
enough to interfere with daily life.
Other types of dementia
» Vascular dementia is a decline in thinking
skills caused by conditions that block or
reduce blood flow to the brain, depriving
brain cells of vital oxygen and nutrients.
These changes sometimes occur suddenly
following strokes that block major brain
blood vessels. It is widely considered the
second most common cause of dementia
after Alzheimer’s disease.
» Mixed dementia is a condition in which
abnormalities characteristic of more than
one type of dementia occur simultaneously.
Symptoms may vary, depending on the
types of brain changes involved and the
brain regions affected, and may be similar
to or even indistinguishable from those of
Alzheimer’s or another dementia.
» Parkinson’s disease dementia is an
impairment in thinking and reasoning that
many people with Parkinson’s disease
eventually develop. As brain changes
gradually spread, they often begin to affect
mental functions, including memory and
the ability to pay attention, make sound
judgments and plan the steps needed to
complete a task.
» Dementia with Lewy bodies is a type of
progressive dementia that leads to a decline in
thinking, reasoning and independent function
due to abnormal microscopic deposits that
damage brain cells.
» Huntington’s disease dementia is a
progressive brain disorder caused by a
defective gene. It causes changes in the
central area of the brain, which affect
movement, mood and thinking skills.
» Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the most
common human form of a group of rare,
fatal brain disorders known as prion diseases.
Misfolded prion protein destroys brain
cells, resulting in damage that leads to rapid
decline in thinking and reasoning as well as
involuntary muscle movements, confusion,
difficulty walking and mood changes.
» Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group
of disorders caused by progressive cell
degeneration in the brain’s frontal lobes (the
areas behind the forehead) or its temporal
lobes (the regions behind the ears).
» Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a brain
disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid
accumulates in the brain’s ventricles, causing
thinking and reasoning problems, difficulty
walking and loss of bladder control.
» Down syndrome dementia develops in
people born with extra genetic material
from chromosome 21, one of the 23 human
chromosomes. As individuals with Down
syndrome age, they have a greatly increased
risk of developing this type of dementia
that’s either the same as or very similar to
Alzheimer’s disease.
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» Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory
disorder caused by severe deficiency of
thiamine (vitamin B-1). It is most commonly
caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other
conditions can also cause the syndrome.
» Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is the
gradual and progressive degeneration of the
outer layer of the brain (the cortex) located
in the back of the head (posterior). It is not
known whether PCA is a unique disease or a
possible variant form of Alzheimer’s disease.
2. HOW ALZHEIMER’S
AFFECTS THE BRAIN
The changes that take place in the brain begin at
the microscopic level long before the first signs
of memory loss. This period is referred to as
preclinical Alzheimer’s.
What goes wrong in the brain
The brain has 100 billion nerve cells (neurons).
Each nerve cell connects to many others to form
communication networks. In addition to nerve
cells, the brain has specialized cells that support
and nourish other cells.
Groups of nerve cells have special jobs. Some
are involved in thinking, learning and memory.
Others help us see, hear, smell and tell our
muscles when to move.
Brain cells operate like tiny factories. They
receive supplies, generate energy, construct
equipment and get rid of waste. Cells also process
and store information and communicate with
other cells. Keeping everything running requires
coordination as well as large amounts of fuel
and oxygen.
Scientists believe Alzheimer’s disease prevents
parts of a cell’s factory from running well. They
are not sure where the trouble starts. But just
like a real factory, backups and breakdowns in one
system cause problems in other areas. As damage
spreads, cells lose their ability to do their jobs and,
eventually, die.
The role of plaques and tangles
The brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s have an
abundance of plaques and tangles. Plaques are
deposits of a protein fragment called beta-amyloid
that build up in the spaces between nerve cells.
Tangles are twisted fibers of another protein
called tau that build up inside cells.
Though autopsy studies show that most people
develop some plaques and tangles as they age,
those with Alzheimer’s tend to develop far more
and develop them in a predictable pattern,
beginning in the areas important for memory
before spreading to other regions.
Scientists do not know exactly what role plaques
and tangles play in Alzheimer’s disease. Most
TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
Explore our Inside the Brain: An Interactive
Tour at alz.org/brain to learn how Alzheimer’s
affects the brain and its functions.
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How Alzheimer’s spreads in the brain
3. CAUSES AND
RISK FACTORS
While scientists know that Alzheimer’s disease
involves the failure of nerve cells, it’s still
unknown why this happens. However, they have
identified certain risk factors that increase the
likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s.
Age
The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer’s is
increasing age. Most individuals with the disease
are 65 and older. One in 10 people in this age
group and nearly one-third of people age 85 and
older have Alzheimer’s.
Family history
Another risk factor is family history. Research
has shown that those who have a parent, brother
or sister with Alzheimer’s are more likely to
develop it than individuals who do not. The risk
increases if more than one family member has
the disease.
Genetics
Two categories of genes influence whether
a person develops a disease: risk genes and
deterministic genes. Risk genes increase the
likelihood of developing a disease but do not
guarantee it will happen. Deterministic genes
cause a disease, meaning anyone who inherits
one will develop a disorder.
Researchers have found several genes that
increase the risk of Alzheimer’s. APOE-e4 is the
first risk gene identified and remains the one
with the strongest impact. Other common forms
of the APOE gene are APOE-e2 and APOE-e3.
Everyone inherits a copy of some form of APOE
from each parent. Those who inherit one copy of
APOE-e4 have an increased risk of developing
Alzheimer’s; those who inherit two copies have
an even higher risk, but not a certainty.
Plaques and tangles begin
in brain areas involved in
memory.
They gradually spread to
other areas.
Eventually much of the brain
is affected
Illustrations:
Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center, a service of
the National Institute on Aging
experts believe that they disable or block
communication among nerve cells and disrupt
processes the cells need to survive.
The destruction and death of nerve cells causes
memory failure, personality changes, problems in
carrying out daily activities and other symptoms
of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Rare deterministic genes cause Alzheimer’s in a
few hundred extended families worldwide. These
genes are estimated to account for less than
1 percent of cases. Individuals with these genes
usually develop symptoms in their 40s or 50s.
Other risk factors
Age, family history and genetics are all risk
factors we can’t change. However, research is
beginning to reveal clues about other risk factors
that we may be able to influence. There appears
to be a strong link between serious head injury
and future risk of Alzheimer’s. It’s important to
protect your head by buckling your seat belt,
wearing a helmet when participating in sports
and proofing your home to avoid falls.
One promising line of research suggests that
strategies for overall healthy aging may help
keep the brain healthy and may even reduce the
risk of developing Alzheimer’s. These measures
include eating a healthy diet, staying socially
active, avoiding tobacco and excess alcohol, and
exercising both the body and mind.
LATINOS AND
AFRICAN-AMERICANS
Research shows that older Latinos are
about one-and-a-half times as likely as
older whites to have Alzheimer’s and
other dementias, while older African-
Americans are about twice as likely to
have the disease as older whites. The
reason for these differences is not well
understood, but researchers believe that
higher rates of vascular disease in these
groups may also put them at greater risk
for developing Alzheimer’s.
Some of the strongest evidence links brain
health to heart health. The risk of developing
Alzheimer’s or vascular dementia appears to be
increased by many conditions that damage the
heart and blood vessels. These include heart
disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure
and high cholesterol. Work with your doctor
to monitor your heart health and treat any
problems that arise.
Studies of donated brain tissue provide additional
evidence for the heart-head connection. These
studies suggest that plaques and tangles are
more likely to cause Alzheimer’s symptoms if
strokes or damage to the brain’s blood vessels
are also present.
4. HOW TO FIND OUT IF IT’S
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Not everyone experiencing memory loss or
other Alzheimer’s warning signs recognizes that
they have a problem. Signs of dementia are
sometimes more obvious to family members
or friends.
The first step in following up on symptoms is
finding a doctor with whom the person feels
comfortable. There is no single type of doctor
that specializes in diagnosing and treating
memory symptoms or Alzheimer’s. Many people
contact their regular primary care physician
about their concerns. Primary care doctors often
oversee the diagnostic process themselves.
In some cases, the doctor may refer the
individual to a specialist, such as a:
» Neurologist, who specializes in diseases of
the brain and nervous system.
» Psychiatrist, who specializes in disorders
that affect mood or the way the mind works.
» Psychologist with special training in testing
memory and other mental functions.
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There is no single test that proves a person has
Alzheimer’s. The workup is designed to evaluate
overall health and identify any conditions that
could affect how the mind is working. When
other conditions are ruled out, the doctor
can determine if it is Alzheimer’s or another
dementia.
Experts estimate that a skilled physician is able
to diagnose Alzheimer’s with more than
90 percent accuracy. Physicians can almost
always determine that a person has dementia,
but it may sometimes be difficult to determine
the exact cause.
STEPS TO DIAGNOSIS INCLUDE:
Understanding the problem
Be prepared for the doctor to ask:
» What kind of symptoms have occurred.
» When they began.
» How often they happen.
» If they have gotten worse.
Reviewing medical history
The doctor will interview the person being
tested and others close to him or her to gather
information about current and past mental and
physical illnesses. It is helpful to bring a list of all
the medications the person is taking.
The doctor will also obtain a history of key
medical conditions affecting other family
members, especially whether they may have or
had Alzheimer’s or other dementias.
Evaluating mood and mental status
Mental status testing evaluates memory, the
ability to solve simple problems and other
thinking skills.
This testing gives an overall sense of whether
a person:
» Is aware of symptoms.
» Knows the date, time and where he or she is.
» Can remember a short list of words, follow
instructions and do simple calculations.
The doctor may ask the person his or her
address, what year it is or who is serving as
president. The individual may also be asked to
spell a word backward, draw a clock or copy a
design. Mood and sense of well-being will also be
assesed to detect depression or other illnesses
that can cause memory loss and confusion.
Physical exam and diagnostic tests
A physician will:
» Evaluate diet and nutrition.
» Check blood pressure, temperature
and pulse.
» Listen to the heart and lungs.
» Perform other procedures to assess
overall health.
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The physician will collect blood and urine
samples and may order other laboratory
tests. Information from these tests can help
identify disorders such as anemia, infection,
diabetes, kidney or liver disease, certain vitamin
deficiencies, thyroid abnormalities, and problems
with the heart, blood vessels or lungs. All of
these conditions may cause confused thinking,
trouble focusing attention, memory problems or
other symptoms similar to dementia.
Neurological exam
A doctor will closely evaluate the person for
problems that may signal brain disorders other
than Alzheimer’s.
The physician will also test:
» Reflexes.
» Coordination.
» Muscle tone and strength.
» Eye movement.
» Speech.
» Sensation.
The doctor is looking for signs of small or large
strokes, Parkinson’s disease, brain tumors, fluid
accumulation on the brain and other illnesses
that may impair memory or thinking.
The neurological exam may also include a brain
imaging study. The most common types are
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed
tomography (CT). MRIs and CTs can reveal
tumors, evidence of small or large strokes,
damage from severe head trauma or a buildup
of fluid. Researchers are studying other imaging
techniques so they can better diagnose and track
the progress of Alzheimer’s.
5. WHEN THE DIAGNOSIS
IS ALZHEIMER’S
Once testing is complete, the doctor will make
an appointment to review results and share his
or her conclusions. A diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
reflects a doctor’s best judgment about the
cause of a person’s symptoms, based on the
testing performed.
You may want to ask the doctor:
» Why the diagnosis is Alzheimer’s.
» Where the person may be in the course of
the disease.
» What to expect in the future.
Find out if the doctor will manage care going
forward and, if not, who will be the primary
doctor. The doctor can then schedule the next
appointment or provide a referral.
Alzheimer’s disease is life-changing for both
the diagnosed individual and those close to him
or her. While there is currently no cure and no
way to stop the underlying death of brain cells,
treatments are available that may help relieve
some symptoms.
Research has shown that taking full advantage of
available treatment, care and support options can
improve quality of life.
Consider:
» How to provide increasing levels of care as
the disease progresses.
» How the individual and family members will
cope with changes in the person’s ability
to drive, cook and perform other daily
activities.
» How to ensure a safe environment.
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It is also important to begin making legal and
financial plans. A timely diagnosis often allows
the person with dementia to participate in this
planning. The person can also decide who will
make medical and financial decisions on his or
her behalf as the disease progresses.
Medicare coverage of care planning
People with cognitive impairment, including
Alzheimer’s and other dementias, now
have access to care planning with a medical
professional through Medicare. This detailed care
planning includes:
» Measuring neuropsychiatric symptoms.
» Medication reconciliation.
» Evaluating safety (including driving ability).
» Identifying caregivers and caregiver needs.
» Identifying and assessing care directives.
» Planning for palliative care needs.
» Referrals to community services.
Check with your health care provider for more
information.
6. STAGES OF
THE DISEASE
Alzheimer’s typically progresses slowly in
three general stages: early, middle and late
(sometimes referred to as mild, moderate
and severe).
The symptoms of Alzheimer’s worsen over
time, but because the disease affects people in
different ways, the rate of progression varies.
On average, a person with Alzheimer’s lives four
to eight years after diagnosis, but can live as long
as 20 years, depending on other factors.
The following stages provide an overall idea
of how abilities change and should be used as
a general guide. Stages may overlap, making it
difficult to place a person with Alzheimer’s in a
specific stage.
Early-stage Alzheimer’s
In the early stage, a person may function
independently. He or she may still drive, work and
be social. However, the person may experience
memory lapses, such as forgetting familiar words
or the location of everyday objects.
Those close to the individual begin to notice
difficulties. During a detailed medical interview,
doctors may be able to detect problems in memory
or concentration. Common difficulties include:
» Problems coming up with the right word
or name.
» Trouble remembering names when
introduced to new people.
» Challenges performing tasks in social or
work settings.
» Forgetting material that was just read.
» Losing or misplacing a valuable object.
» Increasing trouble with planning
or organizing.
CREATE AN ACTION PLAN
Alzheimer’s Navigator® helps guide
individuals facing dementia when
planning for the future. This interactive
tool evaluates needs, outlines action
steps and links the user to local
services and Association programs.
Visit alz.org/alzheimersnavigator to
start planning.
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Middle-stage Alzheimer’s
Middle-stage Alzheimer’s is typically the longest
stage and can last for many years. As the disease
progresses, the person with Alzheimer’s will
require a greater level of care.
You may notice the person with Alzheimer’s
confusing words, getting frustrated or angry, or
acting in unexpected ways, such as refusing to
bathe. Damage to nerve cells in the brain can
make it difficult to express thoughts and perform
routine tasks.
At this point, symptoms will be noticeable to
others and may include:
» Forgetfulness of events or about one’s own
personal history.
» Feeling moody or withdrawn, especially in
socially or mentally challenging situations.
» Being unable to recall their address or
telephone number, or the high school or
college from which they graduated.
» Confusion about where they are or what
day it is.
» The need for help choosing proper clothing
for the season or the occasion.
» Trouble controlling bladder and bowels.
» Changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping
during the day and restlessness at night.
» An increased risk of wandering and
becoming lost.
» Personality and behavioral changes,
including suspiciousness and delusions or
compulsive, repetitive behavior like hand
wringing or tissue shredding.
Late-stage Alzheimer’s
In the final stage of the disease, individuals lose
the ability to respond to their environment,
carry on a conversation and, eventually, control
movement. They may still say words or phrases,
but communicating pain becomes difficult. As
memory and cognitive skills worsen, significant
personality changes may occur and extensive
help with daily activities may be required.
At this stage, individuals may:
» Need around-the-clock assistance with
daily activities and personal care.
» Lose awareness of recent experiences as
well as of their surroundings.
» Experience changes in physical abilities,
including the ability to walk, sit and,
eventually, swallow.
» Have greater difficulty communicating.
» Become increasingly vulnerable to
infections, especially pneumonia.
WANDERING
Six out of 10 people with Alzheimer’s
will wander and become lost. People can
wander or become confused about their
location at any stage of the disease. If not
found within 24 hours, up to half of those
who get lost risk serious injury or death.
Visit alz.org/safety to learn about
MedicAlert® + Alzheimer’s Association
Safe Return®, a 24-hour emergency
response service that provides assistance
when a person with dementia becomes
lost or has a medical emergency.
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7. TREATING THE
SYMPTOMS
Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s and no
way to stop the underlying death of brain cells. But
medications and non-drug treatments may help
with both cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
A comprehensive care plan for Alzheimer’s disease:
» Considers appropriate treatment options.
» Monitors treatment effectiveness as the
disease progresses.
» Changes course and explores alternatives
as necessary.
» Respects individual and family goals for
treatment and tolerance for risk.
Cognitive symptoms
Three types of drugs are currently approved
by the FDA to treat cognitive symptoms of
Alzheimer’s disease.
The first, cholinesterase (KOH-luh-NES-ter-ays)
inhibitors, prevents the breakdown of
acetylcholine (a-SEA-til-KOH-lean), a chemical
messenger important for memory and learning.
By keeping levels of acetylcholine high, these
drugs support communication among nerve cells.
Three cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly
prescribed:
» Donepezil (Aricept®), approved in 1996 to
treat mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s and in
2006 for the severe stage.
» Rivastigmine (Exelon®), approved in 2000
for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s.
» Galantamine (Razadyne®), approved in 2001
for mild-to-moderate stages.
The second type of drug works by regulating
the activity of glutamate, a different messenger
chemical involved in information processing:
» Memantine (Namenda®), approved in 2003
for moderate-to-severe stages, is the only
drug in this class currently available.
The third type is a combination of cholinesterase
inhibitor and a glutamate regulator:
» Donepezil and memantine (Namzaric®),
approved in 2014 for moderate-to-severe
stages.
The effectiveness of these treatments varies
from person to person. While they may
temporarily help symptoms, they do not slow or
stop the brain changes that cause Alzheimer’s to
become more severe over time.
Behavioral symptoms
Many find behavioral changes, like anxiety,
agitation, aggression and sleep disturbances, to
be the most challenging and distressing effect of
Alzheimer’s disease. These changes can greatly
affect the quality of life for individuals facing the
disease.
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As with cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s,
the chief underlying cause of behavioral and
psychiatric symptoms is the progressive damage
to brain cells. Other possible causes of behavioral
symptoms include:
» Drug side effects.
Side effects from prescription medications
may be at work. Drug interactions may occur
when taking multiple medications for several
conditions.
» Medical conditions.
Symptoms of infection or illness, which may
be treatable, can affect behavior. Pneumonia
or urinary tract infections can bring
discomfort. Untreated ear or sinus infections
can cause dizziness and pain.
» Environmental influences.
Situations affecting behavior include moving
to a new private residence or residential
care facility; misperceived threats; or fear
and fatigue from trying to make sense of a
confusing world.
There are two types of treatments for behavioral
symptoms: non-drug treatments and prescription
medications.
Non-drug treatments
Steps to developing non-drug treatments include:
» Identifying the symptom.
» Understanding its cause.
» Changing the caregiving environment to
remove challenges or obstacles.
Pinpointing what has triggered behaviors can
often help guide the best approach. Often the
trigger is a change in the person’s environment,
such as:
» New caregivers.
» Different living arrangements.
» Travel.
» Admission to a hospital.
» Presence of houseguests.
» Being asked to bathe or change clothes.
Because people with Alzheimer’s gradually lose
the ability to communicate, it is important to
regularly monitor their comfort and anticipate
their needs.
Prescription medications
Medications can be effective in managing some
behavioral symptoms, but they must be used
carefully and are most effective when combined
with non-drug treatments. Medications should
target specific symptoms so that response to
treatment can be monitored.
Prescribing any drug for a person with
Alzheimer’s is medically challenging. Use of
drugs for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms
should be closely supervised.
Some medications, called psychotropic
medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants,
anti-convulsants and others), are associated
with an increased risk of serious side effects.
These drugs should only be considered when
non-pharmacological approaches are
unsuccessful in reducing dementia-related
behaviors that are causing physical harm to the
person with dementia or his or her caregivers.
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KEY TERMS
SYMPTOMS
Cognitive: Symptoms that affect
memory, awareness, language, judgment
and an individual’s ability to plan, organize
and carry out other thought processes.
Behavioral: A group of additional
symptoms that occur — at least to
some degree — in many individuals
with Alzheimer’s. Early on, people may
experience personality changes such
as irritability, anxiety or depression. In
later stages, individuals may develop
sleep disturbances; agitation (physical
or verbal aggression, general emotional
distress, restlessness, pacing, shredding
paper or tissues, yelling); delusions (firmly
held belief in things that are not real); or
hallucinations (seeing, hearing or feeling
things that are not there). Individuals
with the disease may develop wandering
impulses at any stage.
TREATMENTS
Prescription medication: Medication
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) that treats
symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
Non-drug: A treatment other than
medication that helps relieve symptoms
of Alzheimer’s disease.
8. HOPE FOR THE
FUTURE
The Alzheimer’s Association is the world’s
largest nonprofit funder of Alzheimer’s
research. Since 1982, we have awarded over
$385 million to more than 2,500 research
investigations worldwide.
When Dr. Alois Alzheimer first described the
disease in 1906, a person in the United States
lived an average of about 50 years. Few people
reached the age of greatest risk. As a result, the
disease was considered rare and attracted little
scientific interest. That attitude changed as the
average life span increased and scientists began
to realize how often Alzheimer’s strikes people
in their 70s and 80s. The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention recently estimated the
average life expectancy to be 78.8 years.
Today, Alzheimer’s is at the forefront of
biomedical research, with 90 percent of what
we know discovered in the last 20 years. Some
of the most remarkable progress has shed light
on how Alzheimer’s affects the brain. Better
understanding of the disease’s impact may lead
to better treatments.
Clinical studies drive progress
Scientists are constantly working to advance
their understanding of Alzheimer’s. But
without clinical research and the help of human
volunteers, they cannot discover methods of
prevention, treatment and, ultimately, a cure.
Clinical trials test new interventions or drugs
to prevent, detect or treat disease for safety
and effectiveness. Clinical studies involve human
volunteers and look at aspects of care, other
than interventions, such as improving quality
of life. Every clinical trial or study contributes
valuable knowledge, regardless if favorable
results are achieved.
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Visit alz.org/TrialMatch to learn more about
Alzheimer’s Association TrialMatch®, a free,
easy-to-use clinical studies matching service for
individuals living with dementia, caregivers and
healthy voluteers without dementia. TrialMatch,
and its database of more than 250 studies taking
place across the country and online, is your
opportunity to learn about current Alzheimer’s
research opportunities.
Directions in treatment and prevention
One promising target is beta-amyloid. This
protein fragment builds up into the plaques
considered to be one hallmark of Alzheimer’s
disease. Researchers have developed several
ways to clear beta-amyloid from the brain or
prevent it from clumping together into plaques.
Experimental drugs that zero in on beta-amyloid
are now being tested.
Many other new approaches to treatment are
also under investigation worldwide. We don’t yet
know which of these strategies may work, but
scientists say that with the necessary funding,
the outlook is good for developing treatments
that slow or stop Alzheimer’s.
While there is no known way to prevent
Alzheimer’s disease, emerging research
suggests that the steps people take to maintain
heart health may also reduce the risk of
cognitive decline.
This connection makes sense, because the
brain is nourished by one of the body’s richest
networks of blood vessels, and the heart
is responsible for pumping blood through
these blood vessels to the brain. It’s especially
important for people to do everything they
can to keep weight, blood pressure, cholesterol
and blood sugar within recommended ranges
to reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and
diabetes. Eating a diet low in saturated fats
and rich in fruits and vegetables, exercising
regularly, and staying mentally and socially
active may all help protect the brain.
Rebecca P., living with Alzheimer's,
TrialMatch® user
I don't have a laboratory.
I have Alzheimer's disease.

And I'm helping to
discover a cure.

You can too.

alz.org/TrialMatch
800.272.3900
The Alzheimer’s Association is the leading voluntary health
organization in Alzheimer’s care, support and research.
Our mission is to eliminate Alzheimer’s disease through
the advancement of research; to provide and enhance
care and support for all affected; and to reduce the risk
of dementia through the promotion of brain health.
Our vision is a world without Alzheimer’s disease®.
800.272.3900 | alz.org®
This is an official publication of the Alzheimer’s Association but may be distributed
by unaffiliated organizations and individuals. Such distribution does not constitute
an endorsement of these parties or their activities by the Alzheimer’s Association.
© 2017 Alzheimer’s Association®. All rights reserved.
Rev. June17 770-10-0003
alz.org
Access reliable information and resources, such as:
» Alzheimer’s Navigator® – Assess your needs and
create customized action plans.
» Community Resource Finder – Find local
resources.
» ALZConnected® – Connect with other
caregivers or people with dementia.
» Alzheimer’s and Dementia Caregiver Center –
Get information for all stages of the disease.
» Safety Center – Access information and tools.
alz.org/education
Free online workshops, including:
» The Basics: Memory Loss, Dementia and
Alzheimer's Disease.
alz.org/findus
We’re in communities across the country.
800.272.3900
24/7 Helpline – Available all day, every day.
(TTY: 866.403.3073)