Industries at Risk
Combustible dust explosion hazards exist in a
variety of industries, including: agriculture,
chemicals, food (e.g., candy, sugar, spice, starch,
flour, feed), grain, fertilizer, tobacco, plastics,
wood, forest, paper, pulp, rubber, furniture, tex-
tiles, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, tire and rub-
ber manufacturing, dyes, coal, metal processing
(e.g., aluminum, chromium, iron, magnesium,
and zinc), recycling operations, and fossil fuel
power generation (coal).
Prevention of Dust Explosions
To identify factors that may contribute to a
explosion, OSHA recommends a thorough
hazard assessment of:
• All materials handled;
• All operations conducted, including by-
products;
• All spaces (including hidden ones); and
• All potential ignition sources.
How Dust Explosions Occur
In addition to the familiar fire triangle of oxygen,
heat, and fuel (the dust), dispersion of dust par-
ticles in sufficient quantity and concentration
can cause rapid combustion known as a defla-
gration. If the event is confined by an enclosure
such as a building, room, vessel, or process
equipment, the resulting pressure rise may
cause an explosion. These five factors (oxygen,
heat, fuel, dispersion, and confinement) are
known as the “Dust Explosion Pentagon”. If one
element of the pentagon is missing, an explo-
sion cannot occur.
Catastrophic Secondary Explosions
An initial (primary) explosion in processing
equipment or in an area where fugitive dust has
accumulated may dislodge more accumulated
dust into the air, or damage a containment sys-
tem (such as a duct, vessel, or collector). As a
result, if ignited, the additional dust dispersed
into the air may cause one or more secondary
explosions. These can be far more destructive
than a primary explosion due to the increased
quantity and concentration of dispersed com-
bustible dust. Many deaths in past accidents, as
well as other damage, have been caused by sec-
ondary explosions.
FactSheet
HazardAlert: Combustible Dust Explosions
Combustible dusts are fine particles that present an explosion hazard when sus-
pended in air in certain conditions. A dust explosion can be catastrophic and
cause employee deaths, injuries, and destruction of entire buildings. In many
combustible dust accidents, employers and employees were unaware that a haz-
ard even existed. It is important to determine if your company has this hazard,
and if you do, you must take action now to prevent tragic consequences.
Initial Explosion Secondary Explosion
A pharmaceutical plant after a dust explosion.
Dust Control Recommendations
• Implement a hazardous dust inspection, testing,
housekeeping, and control program;
• Use proper dust collection systems and filters;
• Minimize the escape of dust from process equip-
ment or ventilation systems;
• Use surfaces that minimize dust accumulation and
facilitate cleaning;
• Provide access to all hidden areas to permit
inspection;
• Inspect for dust residues in open and hidden areas
at regular intervals;
• If ignition sources are present, use cleaning meth-
ods that do not generate dust clouds;
• Use only vacuum cleaners approved for dust col-
lection; and
• Locate relief valves away from dust deposits.
Ignition Control Recommendations
• Use appropriate electrical equipment and wiring
methods;
• Control static electricity, including bonding of
equipment to ground;
• Control smoking, open flames, and sparks;
• Control mechanical sparks and friction;
• Use separator devices to remove foreign materials
capable of igniting combustibles from process
materials;
• Separate heated surfaces from dusts;
• Separate heating systems from dusts;
• Select and use industrial trucks properly;
• Use cartridge activated tools properly; and
• Use an equipment preventivemaintenance program.
Injury and Damage Control Methods
• Separation of the hazard (isolate with distance);
• Segregation of the hazard (isolate with a barrier);
• Deflagration isolation/venting;
• Pressure relief venting for equipment;
• Direct vents away from work areas;
• Specialized fire suppression systems;
• Explosion protection systems;
This is one in a series of informational fact sheets highlighting OSHA programs, policies or
standards. It does not impose any new compliance requirements. For a comprehensive list of
compliance requirements of OSHA standards or regulations, refer toTitle 29 of the Code of Federal
Regulations. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
The voice phone is (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: (877) 889-5627.
• Spark/ember detection for suppression activation;
• Develop an emergency action plan; and
• Maintain emergency exit routes.
Applicable OSHA Requirements Include:
• §1910.22 Housekeeping
• §1910.307 Hazardous Locations
• §1910.1200 Hazard Communication
• §1910.269 Electric Power Generation, Transmission
and Distribution (coal handling)
• §1910.272 Grain Handling Facilities
• General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1) of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act (Employers
must keep workplaces free from recognized hazards
likely to cause death or serious physical harm).
Resources
Readily available from www.osha.gov are:
• Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program
• Safety and Health Information Bulletin (SHIB) (07-
31-2005) Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing
and Mitigating the Effects of Fires and Explosions
See the SHIB or www.osha.gov for other applicable
standards.
The primary National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) consensus standards related to this hazard are:
• NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and
Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing,
Processing, and Handling of Combustible
Particulate Solids
• NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and
Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food
Processing Facilities
• NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals
• NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and
Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking
Facilities
• NFPA 655, Standard for the Prevention of Sulfur
Fires and Explosions
• See www.nfpa.org to view NFPA standards.
U.S. Department of Labor
www.osha.gov
(800) 321-OSHA
For more complete information:
DSG 3/2008