You should read Japan's message to Britain on Brexit. Especially if you supported Leave. It's a brutal, lengthy, detailed dissection of all the potential economic damage leaving the EU will do to the UK.
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Japan’s Message to the United Kingdom and the European Union
＜Summary＞
Japan shares basic values and enjoys strong partnerships with the United
Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) in various fields including
politics, the economy and security. We expect to continue cooperating and
collaborating closely for international peace, stability and prosperity.
It is in the interests of the world including Asia that an open Europe be upheld.
Japan will continue to share with the UK and the EU the responsibility to lead
the free trade system. In this regard, we will be sending a strong message by
reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA within this year.
Uncertainty is a major concern for an economy. We hope that predictability is
secured whereby all stakeholders, not just the negotiating parties, have a clear
idea of the post-BREXIT landscape. This will be possible if the BREXIT
negotiations are conducted through an uninterrupted and transparent process,
which could include arrangements such as the establishment of a provisional
period and, if there need to be institutional changes, the granting of time for
the transition and publicising of such changes.
A considerable number of Japanese businesses operating in Europe are
concentrated in the UK. We have been informed of a variety of requests that
these businesses have in relation to BREXIT including: maintenance of trade in
goods with no burdens of customs duties and procedures; unfettered
investment; maintenance of an environment in which services and financial
transactions across Europe can be provided and carried out smoothly; access to
workforces with the necessary skills; and harmonised regulations and
standards between the UK and the EU.
The Government of Japan trusts that the UK and the EU, by heeding such
requests to the fullest extent and responding to them in a cooperative manner,
will maintain the current business environment or alleviate the impacts of any
radical changes, so as to remain an attractive destination for doing business.
Japan is willing to cooperate so that the process of negotiations for the UK’s
withdrawal would move forward smoothly without causing major disturbance
to the world economy.
(END)
1
Japan’s Message to the United Kingdom and the European Union
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union
(EU) constitutes an event that will wield a substantial impact not only on the
future of European integration but also on the international community as a
whole, which is why the world including Asia is paying close attention to the
BREXIT negotiations. This testifies to the expectation that the UK and the EU
will continue to lead the world in enlarging and promoting a free and open
market economy.
Japan respects the will of the British people as demonstrated in the
referendum, and is keenly monitoring the actions of the British Government.
We also admire the way in which the EU has responded to the outcome of the
referendum in a quick and calm manner. Although the negotiations are sure to
encounter difficulties from time to time, Japan has no doubt that the UK and
the EU will overcome such difficulties and lay the foundations for the creation
of a new Europe.
In the international community today, where the global order is beset
with challenges, the presence of a strong, united Europe is essential. Japan
hopes to further cooperate with Europe with a view to maintaining the
rules-based global order in the international community, including Asia. It
enjoys strong partnerships with the UK and the EU in the major areas of
politics, the economy and security on the basis of our shared fundamental
values and the global perspective that underpins our contribution to the
international community. Japan expects to continue cooperating and
collaborating closely with the UK and the EU for international peace, stability
and prosperity.
Convinced that the UK and the EU will continue to share with us the
responsibility to lead the free trade system, Japan expects the EU and the UK
to demonstrate to the world their unequivocal commitment to this end. In this
regard, we will be sending a strong message to the world by working together
to reach agreement in principle on the ongoing Japan-EU EPA negotiations as
early as possible this year. It is our sincere hope, in particular, that the UK,
until the time it officially leaves the EU, will fully participate in the EPA
negotiations in a responsible manner and will fulfil honestly what has been
agreed.
Uncertainty is a major concern for an economy; it evokes a sense of
anxiety, causing volatility in markets, and results in the contraction of trade,
investment and credit. What Japanese businesses in Europe most wish to
avoid is the situation in which that they are unable to discern clearly the way
2
the BREXIT negotiations are going, only grasping the whole picture at the last
minute. It is imperative for the UK and the EU to regain the confidence of the
world and ensure their unwavering competitiveness by increasing the
predictability of the BREXIT process, ensuring the outcome is free of
unpleasant surprises and reducing the risks emanating from uncertainty.
From this perspective, we strongly hope that the UK and the EU will present
to the world the whole picture of the BREXIT process as early as possible,
cooperating to avoid a vacuum or stagnation in their relations and instead
generating a seamless process towards BREXIT that could include
arrangements such as the establishment of an extendable transitional period
during which an interim agreement could be applied if required, and
immediately disclosing measures to eliminate any harmful effects on
businesses already investing in the UK and the EU.
There are numerous Japanese businesses operating in Europe, which
have created 440,000 jobs. A considerable number of these firms are
concentrated in the UK. Nearly half of Japanese direct investment intended for
the EU in 2015 flowed to the UK, and the UK was one of the major destinations
for Japan’s investment stock within the EU as of the end of last year. While
benefiting from the single market of the EU, Japanese businesses have
contributed to the development of the European economy. Since Europe
including the UK is a major trading partner and investment destination for
other countries in Asia as well as of Japan, it is in the common interest of all
Asian countries as a whole that they continue to have access to the free market
of Europe, including the UK. It is of great importance that the UK and the EU
maintain market integrity and remain attractive destinations for businesses
where free trade, unfettered investment and smooth financial transactions are
ensured. In light of the fact that a number of Japanese businesses, invited by
the Government in some cases, have invested actively to the UK, which was
seen to be a gateway to Europe, and have established value-chains across
Europe, we strongly request that the UK will consider this fact seriously and
respond in a responsible manner to minimise any harmful effects on these
businesses.
We have been informed of a variety of requests from Japanese
businesses operating in the UK and the EU that include clarity as to how the
BREXIT process is set to unfold, and, where there are institutional changes,
the granting of a sufficient time for the transition and publicising of the
changes, safeguarding of market integrity between the UK and the EU, and
the maintenance of the free trade system. They have also issued the requests
outlined below so that they can carry on their economic activities as freely as
before, regardless of the outcome of the negotiations between the UK and the
3
EU. (The detailed requests from Japanese businesses are presented in the
attached document.)
[Requests directed at the UK and the EU]
・ maintenance of the current tariff rates and customs clearance procedures;
・ introduction of provisions for cumulative rules of origin;
・ maintenance of the access to workers who are nationals of the UK or the EU;
・ maintenance of the freedom of establishment and the provision of financial services,
including the “single passport” system;
・ maintenance of the freedom of cross-border investment and the provision of services as
well as the free movement of capital, including that between associated companies;
・ maintenance of the current level of information protection and the free transfer of data;
・ unified protection of intellectual property rights;
・ maintenance of harmonisation of the regulations and standards between the UK and the
EU (including the maintenance of established frameworks of mutual recognition and
equivalence);
・ securing the UK’s function as a clearing centre for the euro and the location within the
UK of EU agencies such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA); and
・ maintenance of the UK’s access to the EU budget for research and development and
participation in the Japan-EU joint research project.
[Additional requests directed at the UK]
・ liberalisation of trade in goods without the burdens of customs duties and procedures;
・ maintenance of access to workers with the necessary skills;
・ maintenance of basic policies regarding the entry of foreign capital;
・ implementation of measures to promote investment;
・ maintenance of the current levels of information protection and the free transfer of data
in case the UK establishes its own legislation distinct from the EU’s;
・ ensuring the consistency of regulations and standards between the UK and the EU; and
・ ensuring that the EU’s research and development budget applies to research institutions
in the UK.
[Additional request directed at the EU]
・ provision of transitional arrangements for the single passporting system
While trusting that the UK, on its part, will give due consideration to
the context in which Japanese businesses have invested in the UK, and the EU,
on its part, will deeply recognise that it is not easy for the UK to respond to
some of the aforementioned requests solely on its own, we request the both to
heed the voices of Japanese businesses to the fullest extent and to do their
utmost to cooperate in taking the necessary measures to advance the BREXIT
negotiations. Some Japanese firms, including small and medium-sized
4
enterprises, may not be able to respond sufficiently to the drastic changes in
the business environment that could be caused by BREXIT, and they also have
difficulty in articulating their requirements publicly. In light of the diversity in
the backgrounds of the various Japanese businesses which have established
their activities in Europe as well as the current state of their operations, their
interests need to be catered for as precisely as possible. We request that the UK
and the EU amplify appropriate opportunities to exchange views with the
Japanese side, including a framework for dialogues where Japanese businesses
can directly convey their specific requests to the UK and the EU.
With a view to maintaining the close bilateral relationships that Japan
has developed with the UK and with the EU, it is desirable that the current
business environment in Europe be maintained as much as possible. In
particular, the existing legal frameworks based on international agreements
that the UK and the EU have with Japan need to be preserved to the
maximum extent. We also ask the UK and the EU to take appropriate
measures to alleviate any drastic changes, allocating a sufficient period for
transition and notification so as to minimize the impacts on business if, as a
result of the BREXIT negotiations, it becomes unavoidable to make changes to
the existing systems.
Japan earnestly hopes that the BREXIT process will move forward
smoothly so that the world economy avoids major disruption. We trust that this
message will contribute to attainment of this aim. Based on these requests, the
Government of Japan is willing to cooperate with the UK and the EU in order
to contribute to enhancing the appeal of both parties during the years to come.
5
Attachment
Requests Directed at the UK and the EU
Requests directed at the UK and the EU regardless of the
outcome of the BREXIT negotiations.
*Actual requests from Japanese businesses are listed in the boxes
under the headings below.
1. General requests
Ensuring transparency of the BREXIT negotiations
To disclose information on the status and future prospects of the BREXIT
negotiations in a regular and timely manner since uncertainty
concerning the prospects for the negotiations can influence currency and
stock markets, e.g. exchange rates and share prices, as well as business
operations.
Granting sufficient time periods for transition and publicising
of the changes
To introduce measures to alleviate drastic changes, including granting
sufficient time periods for transition and publicising of changes.
Safeguarding market integrity between the UK and the EU
To safeguard to the greatest extent possible market integrity
encompassing the UK and the EU.
Maintaining the free trade system
Reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA
within this year
To prevent the UK’s withdrawal from the EU from undermining the free
trade environment of the global economy, because the promotion of free
trade is extremely important for dynamic business activities and for
maintaining cordial intergovernmental relationships.
To realise reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA as early
as possible within this year, because there are concerns over possible
delays to the Japan-EU EPA negotiations due to the UK’s withdrawal
from the EU.
2. Specific requests
Maintaining the current tariff rates and customs clearance
procedures
To maintain customs duty-free trade between the UK and
the EU
To maintain a preferential tariff rate (0%) on imports to the
6
UK from emerging countries
To maintain the framework of mutual recognition on
Authorised Economic Operators (AEOs)
To maintain the current quarantine systems for plants and
animals as well as food items
To prevent any additional burden from customs clearance
procedures on trade between the UK and the EU
(Concerns over imposition of customs duties on trade between the UK and
the EU )
To maintain customs duty-free trade between the UK and the EU. The
imposition of customs duties anew could suppress the revenues of
businesses, which in turn could affect the sales prices of their products
and their international competitiveness.
Tight and integrated value chains have been established between the
UK and the EU; with the imposition of duties, manufacturers, especially
of automobiles, could have such levies imposed twice, once for auto parts
imported from the EU and again for the final products assembled in the
UK to be exported to the EU, which would have significant impact on
their businesses.
(Concerns over burdensome customs procedures）
To maintain the simplified customs clearance procedures between the
UK and EU, especially the framework for the mutual recognition of
AEOs and quarantine procedures for plants and animals as well as for
food items. Changes in customs clearance procedures for exports to the
UK and the application of complicated procedures due to the
introduction of inconvenient rules of origin could delay and increase the
costs of logistics operations, which would have a significant impact on
business operations.
Introducing provisions for cumulative rules of origin
To apply the “accumulation” principle in the rules of origin in trade
between the UK and the EU after BREXIT. For products such as
automobiles, the division of production of materials and parts is in place
between the UK and the EU. BREXIT would make such products unable
to meet the rules of origin as EU products, which means that Japanese
companies operating in the EU would not be able to enjoy the benefit of
the FTAs concluded by the EU.
Maintaining the access to workers who are nationals of the UK
or the EU (especially protecting the status of those who are
already employed or will be employed by Japanese businesses)
7
The European labour market could suffer great turmoil if workers who
are nationals of either the UK or EU Member States could not freely
travel between and stay in the UK and Continental Europe.
Maintaining the freedom of establishment and the provision of
financial services, including the “single passport” system
To allow the continuous functioning of the single passporting system
applicable to the UK, since it is an important prerequisite for financial
operations, including instalment sales, in the EU. If Japanese financial
institutions are unable to maintain the single passport obtained in the
UK, they would face difficulties in their business operations in the EU
and might have to acquire corporate status within the EU anew and
obtain the passport again, or to relocate their operations from the UK to
existing establishments in the EU.
To disclose the information on systemic changes and adequate
alternative measures at the earliest possible stage and to install a
transitional period and measures to alleviate any drastic changes, in
order to ensure a business environment where companies could provide
financial services across the EU. This is because, if the single passport
were not to be applicable to the UK, either option (in the bullet point
above) would have a significant impact on their business strategy and
require a considerable time for the adaptation.
To continue to converge the financial regulations of the UK and the EU
in the mid and long term. If there were divergence in financial
regulations between the UK and the EU and, as a result, the
environment in which integrated financial services are provided no
longer prevailed, the predominance of the UK/EU region as one of the
world’s leading financial markets would be undermined.
Maintaining the freedom of cross-border investment and the
provision of services as well as the free movement of capital,
including that between associated companies
Maintaining tax exemption of dividends for transfer of
capital between associated companies
Maintaining licenses issued before the UK’s withdrawal
To maintain the free movement of capital and services. This, together
with the free movement of goods, is the basis for most business
operations. There would be a significant impact on business activities if
investments or the provision of services between the UK and Continental
Europe were to be restricted.
To enable Japanese businesses operating in Europe, including in the UK,
to maintain continuity in their trade in services (shared services such as
accounting and human resource management) among associated
8
companies as well as in their freedom of transfer of capital and
restructuring of organisations.
To maintain the privileges enjoyed by companies, including the
continued use of licenses issued, e.g. those to operate vessels for the
construction of offshore wind power stations, and the freedom to operate
in the EU with a license issued in the UK even after the UK’s
withdrawal.
Maintaining the current level of information protection and
the free transfer of data
(Concerns over restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data)
To maintain the level of information protection and free transfer of data.
Once the UK is no longer bound by the EU’s data protection legislation,
the smooth cross-border transfer of personal data between the UK and
the EU may become difficult. This could affect ICT businesses
conducting data centre operations based on their establishment in the
UK with declining demand from data centre users such as Cloud
operators managing personal data within the EU. Furthermore, the
transfer of information between a parent company and its subsidiaries
could be affected.
To establish close cooperation on the facilitation of data transfer among
Japan, the UK and the EU.
Unified protection of intellectual property rights
Protection in the UK of registered Community designs and
EU trademarks
(Concerns over treatment of intellectual property registered in the EU)
To uniformly protect intellectual property in the UK and the EU in order
not to create disadvantages for the right holders. If the UK’s withdrawal
had an impact on the rights and effects of registered Community designs
and EU trademarks, this could generate disruption.
Maintaining the harmonisation of the regulations and
standards between the UK and the EU (including the
maintenance of established frameworks of mutual recognition
and equivalence)
Continuous application in the UK of regulations and
standards (or application of equivalent regulations and
standards) such as European Standards, CE marks,
REACH, RoHS, GMP and those in the field of plant and
animal quarantine and food safety
Ensuring mutual recognition by third-party certification
9
bodies
To maintain or establish an equivalent framework for regulations and
certifications of standards. Regulations and certification of standards in
fields such as chemicals, medicines and medicinal products, radio and
telecommunications terminal equipment and automobiles are managed
uniformly across the EU and, if the UK were to establish regulations and
certification procedures different from those of the EU, Japanese
businesses operating in Europe would have to accommodate two
different systems, creating disruption and increasing R&D and
administrative costs.
Japanese businesses have an interest in how the UK’s withdrawal
affects European Standards, CE marks, the RoHS directive, REACH
regulations and mutual recognition on GMPs.
With regard to CE marks, for example, for a product to be sold in the EU
it must obtain certification by a third-party certification body and
display the CE mark on it. However, with the UK’s withdrawal,
businesses are concerned that if the mutual recognition of certification
by a third-party certification body is not ensured, they will have to obtain
separate certification.
As for the RoHS directive and REACH regulations, businesses are
concerned that exemptions on tests and registrations for products
manufactured in factories in the EU Member States may no longer be
applicable to those from factories in the UK.
In the area of plant and animal quarantine and food safety, there could
be impediments to trade in agricultural and fisheries products and
foodstuffs from Japan to the UK as well as between the UK and the EU,
if the UK were to introduce regulations and standards different from the
EU’s. With regard to the Japan-EU Mutual Recognition Agreement, the
certification of radio and telecommunications terminal equipment by
conformity assessment bodies in the UK may not be recognised.
Securing the UK’s function as a clearing centre for the euro
and the location within the UK of EU agencies such as the
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
(Concerns over the transfer of such functions as clearing centre for the euro)
To maintain the current framework to allow the flexibility of agencies’
locations. London currently serves as the largest clearing centre for the
euro in Europe. Confining the clearing function of euro to the Eurozone
could not only diminish the efficiency of the financial centre for all of
Europe, but also have a significant impact on various financial
institutions, including those from Japan.
(Concerns over the possible transfer of EU agencies, including the European
Medicines Agency)
To maintain the current location of the European Medicines Agency
10
(EMA) and the certification system for medicines between the UK and
the EU. Japanese companies are concerned about the relocation of EU
agencies currently located within the UK. Many Japanese
pharmaceutical companies are operating in London, due to the EMA’s
location in London. If the EMA were to transfer to other EU Member
States, the appeal of London as an environment for the development of
pharmaceuticals would be lost, which could possibly lead to a shift in the
flow of R&D funds and personnel to Continental Europe. This could force
Japanese companies to reconsider their business activities.
Maintaining the UK’s access to the EU budget for research
and development and participation in the Japan-EU joint
research project
To allow Japanese businesses in the UK to continue their participation in
various R&D projects and to obtain subsidies even after the UK’s
withdrawal.
To establish a framework to allow British researchers to continue to
participate in Japan-EU joint research projects.
###
11
Additional Requests Directed at the UK
Requests directed only at the UK with regard to its policies and
measures to be taken after its withdrawal from the EU.
*Specific requests from Japanese businesses are listed in the
boxes under the headings below.
Liberalising trade in goods without the burden of customs
duties and procedures
To maintain the current level of import duties and to
reduce the burden of customs clearance procedures in the
UK
（Concerns over the UK’s own tariff levels）
To set tariffs on imports to the UK at a level as low as possible even after
the UK withdraws from the Customs Union of the EU.
Some Japanese companies import goods into the UK by utilising the
FTAs or GSPs between the EU and third countries, and there are
concerns over whether these frameworks could be maintained.
（Concerns over complicated and cumbersome customs procedures）
To maintain the framework of mutual recognition regarding AEOs that
Japan has with the UK as a part of the EU with a view to facilitating
trade and the framework of information exchange for measures such as
border control after its withdrawal.
Maintaining access to workers with the necessary skills
To maintain an immigration system that allows the
acceptance of highly skilled professionals in the banking
and other sectors
To maintain an immigration system that allows the
acceptance of workers for the construction of power plants
To give serious consideration to the appropriate visa
procedures for foreign workers
To maintain, at least, the current parameter of the immigration system.
Japanese businesses are concerned at the possibility that the UK may
impose further stringent requirements concerning visa applications by
Japanese and other foreign workers in the UK, which would affect their
business operations. In fact, the inflow of skilled labour from outside of
the EU needs to be liberalised. In order to ensure stable staffing for
business operations in the UK, the requirements for obtaining and
extending visas need to be relaxed, especially for intracompany
transferees.
12
A certain number of employees hired locally by Japanese businesses in
the UK are nationals of the other EU Member States. It is essential for
those businesses to secure qualified human resources including highly
skilled workers from Europe for their smooth business operations.
It would create a huge clerical burden on Japanese businesses if they
were required to prepare new UK visas for their employees who were
nationals of other EU Member States as a consequence of the UK’s
withdrawal.
With regard to unskilled workers, Japanese businesses rely on
inexpensive labour from Eastern Europe in the manufacturing and
agricultural industries in the UK. If their access to such labour were
restricted, staff shortages and increased labour costs could be reflected in
such firms’ product prices.
Maintaining basic policies regarding the entry of foreign
capital
To maintain the UK’s basic policy of keeping its market open to foreign
capital in the fields of nuclear power plant construction, water supply
and sewerage systems, garbage incineration and power generation. It
would have an especially significant impact on the investment projects of
Japanese enterprises if the UK changed its energy policy.
Implementing measures to promote investment
To implement measures to promote further investment including the
easing of regulations to make the UK a more attractive market.
Some Japanese businesses have their bases in the UK to oversee their
activities in the EU. The Japanese business community hopes to see the
UK implement measures to promote investment including the easing of
regulations to make the UK a more attractive investment destination.
Japanese businesses with their European headquarters in the UK may
decide to transfer their head-office function to Continental Europe if EU
laws cease to be applicable in the UK after its withdrawal.
Maintaining current levels of information protection and the
free transfer of data in case the UK establishes its own
legislation distinct from the EU’s
（Concerns over restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data）
Japanese businesses have concerns that the free transfer of information
might be impaired once the UK releases itself from the EU’s data
protection legislation and establishes its own legislation.
13
Ensuring the consistency of regulations and standards
between the UK and the EU
Not to increase the clerical burden when applying certifications based on
regulations and standards that have force only in the UK and distinct
from European Norms.
There are concerns over the possible occurrence of a cumbersome or
lengthy process for pharmaceutical approvals and an increase in the
clerical burden once the UK establishes its own framework distinct from
the EU’s, in a move away from international efforts at the harmonisation
of pharmaceutical regulations, the framework of mutual recognition of
GMPs and the approval scheme operated by the European Medicines
Agency.
Ensuring that the EU’s research and development budget
applies to research institutions in the UK
To subsidise research and development or implement alternative support
measures in case the UK loses subsidies from the EU.
###
14
Additional Request Directed at the EU
A request directed only at the EU with regard to their policies and
measures taken after the withdrawal of the UK from the EU.
*Specific requests from Japanese companies are listed in the box
under the heading below.
Providing transitional arrangements for the single
passporting system
To introduce grandfathering measures for branches established in the
EU through companies’ UK headquarters with the single passport. In
case there is a need to establish a new base in the EU, it is important to
ensure the dissemination of accurate information on licensing
procedures and the timing requirements as well as on measures to avoid
the creation of extra burdens.
###
15
＜Summary＞
Japan shares basic values and enjoys strong partnerships with the United
Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) in various fields including
politics, the economy and security. We expect to continue cooperating and
collaborating closely for international peace, stability and prosperity.
It is in the interests of the world including Asia that an open Europe be upheld.
Japan will continue to share with the UK and the EU the responsibility to lead
the free trade system. In this regard, we will be sending a strong message by
reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA within this year.
Uncertainty is a major concern for an economy. We hope that predictability is
secured whereby all stakeholders, not just the negotiating parties, have a clear
idea of the post-BREXIT landscape. This will be possible if the BREXIT
negotiations are conducted through an uninterrupted and transparent process,
which could include arrangements such as the establishment of a provisional
period and, if there need to be institutional changes, the granting of time for
the transition and publicising of such changes.
A considerable number of Japanese businesses operating in Europe are
concentrated in the UK. We have been informed of a variety of requests that
these businesses have in relation to BREXIT including: maintenance of trade in
goods with no burdens of customs duties and procedures; unfettered
investment; maintenance of an environment in which services and financial
transactions across Europe can be provided and carried out smoothly; access to
workforces with the necessary skills; and harmonised regulations and
standards between the UK and the EU.
The Government of Japan trusts that the UK and the EU, by heeding such
requests to the fullest extent and responding to them in a cooperative manner,
will maintain the current business environment or alleviate the impacts of any
radical changes, so as to remain an attractive destination for doing business.
Japan is willing to cooperate so that the process of negotiations for the UK’s
withdrawal would move forward smoothly without causing major disturbance
to the world economy.
(END)
1
Japan’s Message to the United Kingdom and the European Union
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union
(EU) constitutes an event that will wield a substantial impact not only on the
future of European integration but also on the international community as a
whole, which is why the world including Asia is paying close attention to the
BREXIT negotiations. This testifies to the expectation that the UK and the EU
will continue to lead the world in enlarging and promoting a free and open
market economy.
Japan respects the will of the British people as demonstrated in the
referendum, and is keenly monitoring the actions of the British Government.
We also admire the way in which the EU has responded to the outcome of the
referendum in a quick and calm manner. Although the negotiations are sure to
encounter difficulties from time to time, Japan has no doubt that the UK and
the EU will overcome such difficulties and lay the foundations for the creation
of a new Europe.
In the international community today, where the global order is beset
with challenges, the presence of a strong, united Europe is essential. Japan
hopes to further cooperate with Europe with a view to maintaining the
rules-based global order in the international community, including Asia. It
enjoys strong partnerships with the UK and the EU in the major areas of
politics, the economy and security on the basis of our shared fundamental
values and the global perspective that underpins our contribution to the
international community. Japan expects to continue cooperating and
collaborating closely with the UK and the EU for international peace, stability
and prosperity.
Convinced that the UK and the EU will continue to share with us the
responsibility to lead the free trade system, Japan expects the EU and the UK
to demonstrate to the world their unequivocal commitment to this end. In this
regard, we will be sending a strong message to the world by working together
to reach agreement in principle on the ongoing Japan-EU EPA negotiations as
early as possible this year. It is our sincere hope, in particular, that the UK,
until the time it officially leaves the EU, will fully participate in the EPA
negotiations in a responsible manner and will fulfil honestly what has been
agreed.
Uncertainty is a major concern for an economy; it evokes a sense of
anxiety, causing volatility in markets, and results in the contraction of trade,
investment and credit. What Japanese businesses in Europe most wish to
avoid is the situation in which that they are unable to discern clearly the way
2
the BREXIT negotiations are going, only grasping the whole picture at the last
minute. It is imperative for the UK and the EU to regain the confidence of the
world and ensure their unwavering competitiveness by increasing the
predictability of the BREXIT process, ensuring the outcome is free of
unpleasant surprises and reducing the risks emanating from uncertainty.
From this perspective, we strongly hope that the UK and the EU will present
to the world the whole picture of the BREXIT process as early as possible,
cooperating to avoid a vacuum or stagnation in their relations and instead
generating a seamless process towards BREXIT that could include
arrangements such as the establishment of an extendable transitional period
during which an interim agreement could be applied if required, and
immediately disclosing measures to eliminate any harmful effects on
businesses already investing in the UK and the EU.
There are numerous Japanese businesses operating in Europe, which
have created 440,000 jobs. A considerable number of these firms are
concentrated in the UK. Nearly half of Japanese direct investment intended for
the EU in 2015 flowed to the UK, and the UK was one of the major destinations
for Japan’s investment stock within the EU as of the end of last year. While
benefiting from the single market of the EU, Japanese businesses have
contributed to the development of the European economy. Since Europe
including the UK is a major trading partner and investment destination for
other countries in Asia as well as of Japan, it is in the common interest of all
Asian countries as a whole that they continue to have access to the free market
of Europe, including the UK. It is of great importance that the UK and the EU
maintain market integrity and remain attractive destinations for businesses
where free trade, unfettered investment and smooth financial transactions are
ensured. In light of the fact that a number of Japanese businesses, invited by
the Government in some cases, have invested actively to the UK, which was
seen to be a gateway to Europe, and have established value-chains across
Europe, we strongly request that the UK will consider this fact seriously and
respond in a responsible manner to minimise any harmful effects on these
businesses.
We have been informed of a variety of requests from Japanese
businesses operating in the UK and the EU that include clarity as to how the
BREXIT process is set to unfold, and, where there are institutional changes,
the granting of a sufficient time for the transition and publicising of the
changes, safeguarding of market integrity between the UK and the EU, and
the maintenance of the free trade system. They have also issued the requests
outlined below so that they can carry on their economic activities as freely as
before, regardless of the outcome of the negotiations between the UK and the
3
EU. (The detailed requests from Japanese businesses are presented in the
attached document.)
[Requests directed at the UK and the EU]
・ maintenance of the current tariff rates and customs clearance procedures;
・ introduction of provisions for cumulative rules of origin;
・ maintenance of the access to workers who are nationals of the UK or the EU;
・ maintenance of the freedom of establishment and the provision of financial services,
including the “single passport” system;
・ maintenance of the freedom of cross-border investment and the provision of services as
well as the free movement of capital, including that between associated companies;
・ maintenance of the current level of information protection and the free transfer of data;
・ unified protection of intellectual property rights;
・ maintenance of harmonisation of the regulations and standards between the UK and the
EU (including the maintenance of established frameworks of mutual recognition and
equivalence);
・ securing the UK’s function as a clearing centre for the euro and the location within the
UK of EU agencies such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA); and
・ maintenance of the UK’s access to the EU budget for research and development and
participation in the Japan-EU joint research project.
[Additional requests directed at the UK]
・ liberalisation of trade in goods without the burdens of customs duties and procedures;
・ maintenance of access to workers with the necessary skills;
・ maintenance of basic policies regarding the entry of foreign capital;
・ implementation of measures to promote investment;
・ maintenance of the current levels of information protection and the free transfer of data
in case the UK establishes its own legislation distinct from the EU’s;
・ ensuring the consistency of regulations and standards between the UK and the EU; and
・ ensuring that the EU’s research and development budget applies to research institutions
in the UK.
[Additional request directed at the EU]
・ provision of transitional arrangements for the single passporting system
While trusting that the UK, on its part, will give due consideration to
the context in which Japanese businesses have invested in the UK, and the EU,
on its part, will deeply recognise that it is not easy for the UK to respond to
some of the aforementioned requests solely on its own, we request the both to
heed the voices of Japanese businesses to the fullest extent and to do their
utmost to cooperate in taking the necessary measures to advance the BREXIT
negotiations. Some Japanese firms, including small and medium-sized
4
enterprises, may not be able to respond sufficiently to the drastic changes in
the business environment that could be caused by BREXIT, and they also have
difficulty in articulating their requirements publicly. In light of the diversity in
the backgrounds of the various Japanese businesses which have established
their activities in Europe as well as the current state of their operations, their
interests need to be catered for as precisely as possible. We request that the UK
and the EU amplify appropriate opportunities to exchange views with the
Japanese side, including a framework for dialogues where Japanese businesses
can directly convey their specific requests to the UK and the EU.
With a view to maintaining the close bilateral relationships that Japan
has developed with the UK and with the EU, it is desirable that the current
business environment in Europe be maintained as much as possible. In
particular, the existing legal frameworks based on international agreements
that the UK and the EU have with Japan need to be preserved to the
maximum extent. We also ask the UK and the EU to take appropriate
measures to alleviate any drastic changes, allocating a sufficient period for
transition and notification so as to minimize the impacts on business if, as a
result of the BREXIT negotiations, it becomes unavoidable to make changes to
the existing systems.
Japan earnestly hopes that the BREXIT process will move forward
smoothly so that the world economy avoids major disruption. We trust that this
message will contribute to attainment of this aim. Based on these requests, the
Government of Japan is willing to cooperate with the UK and the EU in order
to contribute to enhancing the appeal of both parties during the years to come.
5
Attachment
Requests Directed at the UK and the EU
Requests directed at the UK and the EU regardless of the
outcome of the BREXIT negotiations.
*Actual requests from Japanese businesses are listed in the boxes
under the headings below.
1. General requests
Ensuring transparency of the BREXIT negotiations
To disclose information on the status and future prospects of the BREXIT
negotiations in a regular and timely manner since uncertainty
concerning the prospects for the negotiations can influence currency and
stock markets, e.g. exchange rates and share prices, as well as business
operations.
Granting sufficient time periods for transition and publicising
of the changes
To introduce measures to alleviate drastic changes, including granting
sufficient time periods for transition and publicising of changes.
Safeguarding market integrity between the UK and the EU
To safeguard to the greatest extent possible market integrity
encompassing the UK and the EU.
Maintaining the free trade system
Reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA
within this year
To prevent the UK’s withdrawal from the EU from undermining the free
trade environment of the global economy, because the promotion of free
trade is extremely important for dynamic business activities and for
maintaining cordial intergovernmental relationships.
To realise reaching agreement in principle on the Japan-EU EPA as early
as possible within this year, because there are concerns over possible
delays to the Japan-EU EPA negotiations due to the UK’s withdrawal
from the EU.
2. Specific requests
Maintaining the current tariff rates and customs clearance
procedures
To maintain customs duty-free trade between the UK and
the EU
To maintain a preferential tariff rate (0%) on imports to the
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UK from emerging countries
To maintain the framework of mutual recognition on
Authorised Economic Operators (AEOs)
To maintain the current quarantine systems for plants and
animals as well as food items
To prevent any additional burden from customs clearance
procedures on trade between the UK and the EU
(Concerns over imposition of customs duties on trade between the UK and
the EU )
To maintain customs duty-free trade between the UK and the EU. The
imposition of customs duties anew could suppress the revenues of
businesses, which in turn could affect the sales prices of their products
and their international competitiveness.
Tight and integrated value chains have been established between the
UK and the EU; with the imposition of duties, manufacturers, especially
of automobiles, could have such levies imposed twice, once for auto parts
imported from the EU and again for the final products assembled in the
UK to be exported to the EU, which would have significant impact on
their businesses.
(Concerns over burdensome customs procedures）
To maintain the simplified customs clearance procedures between the
UK and EU, especially the framework for the mutual recognition of
AEOs and quarantine procedures for plants and animals as well as for
food items. Changes in customs clearance procedures for exports to the
UK and the application of complicated procedures due to the
introduction of inconvenient rules of origin could delay and increase the
costs of logistics operations, which would have a significant impact on
business operations.
Introducing provisions for cumulative rules of origin
To apply the “accumulation” principle in the rules of origin in trade
between the UK and the EU after BREXIT. For products such as
automobiles, the division of production of materials and parts is in place
between the UK and the EU. BREXIT would make such products unable
to meet the rules of origin as EU products, which means that Japanese
companies operating in the EU would not be able to enjoy the benefit of
the FTAs concluded by the EU.
Maintaining the access to workers who are nationals of the UK
or the EU (especially protecting the status of those who are
already employed or will be employed by Japanese businesses)
7
The European labour market could suffer great turmoil if workers who
are nationals of either the UK or EU Member States could not freely
travel between and stay in the UK and Continental Europe.
Maintaining the freedom of establishment and the provision of
financial services, including the “single passport” system
To allow the continuous functioning of the single passporting system
applicable to the UK, since it is an important prerequisite for financial
operations, including instalment sales, in the EU. If Japanese financial
institutions are unable to maintain the single passport obtained in the
UK, they would face difficulties in their business operations in the EU
and might have to acquire corporate status within the EU anew and
obtain the passport again, or to relocate their operations from the UK to
existing establishments in the EU.
To disclose the information on systemic changes and adequate
alternative measures at the earliest possible stage and to install a
transitional period and measures to alleviate any drastic changes, in
order to ensure a business environment where companies could provide
financial services across the EU. This is because, if the single passport
were not to be applicable to the UK, either option (in the bullet point
above) would have a significant impact on their business strategy and
require a considerable time for the adaptation.
To continue to converge the financial regulations of the UK and the EU
in the mid and long term. If there were divergence in financial
regulations between the UK and the EU and, as a result, the
environment in which integrated financial services are provided no
longer prevailed, the predominance of the UK/EU region as one of the
world’s leading financial markets would be undermined.
Maintaining the freedom of cross-border investment and the
provision of services as well as the free movement of capital,
including that between associated companies
Maintaining tax exemption of dividends for transfer of
capital between associated companies
Maintaining licenses issued before the UK’s withdrawal
To maintain the free movement of capital and services. This, together
with the free movement of goods, is the basis for most business
operations. There would be a significant impact on business activities if
investments or the provision of services between the UK and Continental
Europe were to be restricted.
To enable Japanese businesses operating in Europe, including in the UK,
to maintain continuity in their trade in services (shared services such as
accounting and human resource management) among associated
8
companies as well as in their freedom of transfer of capital and
restructuring of organisations.
To maintain the privileges enjoyed by companies, including the
continued use of licenses issued, e.g. those to operate vessels for the
construction of offshore wind power stations, and the freedom to operate
in the EU with a license issued in the UK even after the UK’s
withdrawal.
Maintaining the current level of information protection and
the free transfer of data
(Concerns over restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data)
To maintain the level of information protection and free transfer of data.
Once the UK is no longer bound by the EU’s data protection legislation,
the smooth cross-border transfer of personal data between the UK and
the EU may become difficult. This could affect ICT businesses
conducting data centre operations based on their establishment in the
UK with declining demand from data centre users such as Cloud
operators managing personal data within the EU. Furthermore, the
transfer of information between a parent company and its subsidiaries
could be affected.
To establish close cooperation on the facilitation of data transfer among
Japan, the UK and the EU.
Unified protection of intellectual property rights
Protection in the UK of registered Community designs and
EU trademarks
(Concerns over treatment of intellectual property registered in the EU)
To uniformly protect intellectual property in the UK and the EU in order
not to create disadvantages for the right holders. If the UK’s withdrawal
had an impact on the rights and effects of registered Community designs
and EU trademarks, this could generate disruption.
Maintaining the harmonisation of the regulations and
standards between the UK and the EU (including the
maintenance of established frameworks of mutual recognition
and equivalence)
Continuous application in the UK of regulations and
standards (or application of equivalent regulations and
standards) such as European Standards, CE marks,
REACH, RoHS, GMP and those in the field of plant and
animal quarantine and food safety
Ensuring mutual recognition by third-party certification
9
bodies
To maintain or establish an equivalent framework for regulations and
certifications of standards. Regulations and certification of standards in
fields such as chemicals, medicines and medicinal products, radio and
telecommunications terminal equipment and automobiles are managed
uniformly across the EU and, if the UK were to establish regulations and
certification procedures different from those of the EU, Japanese
businesses operating in Europe would have to accommodate two
different systems, creating disruption and increasing R&D and
administrative costs.
Japanese businesses have an interest in how the UK’s withdrawal
affects European Standards, CE marks, the RoHS directive, REACH
regulations and mutual recognition on GMPs.
With regard to CE marks, for example, for a product to be sold in the EU
it must obtain certification by a third-party certification body and
display the CE mark on it. However, with the UK’s withdrawal,
businesses are concerned that if the mutual recognition of certification
by a third-party certification body is not ensured, they will have to obtain
separate certification.
As for the RoHS directive and REACH regulations, businesses are
concerned that exemptions on tests and registrations for products
manufactured in factories in the EU Member States may no longer be
applicable to those from factories in the UK.
In the area of plant and animal quarantine and food safety, there could
be impediments to trade in agricultural and fisheries products and
foodstuffs from Japan to the UK as well as between the UK and the EU,
if the UK were to introduce regulations and standards different from the
EU’s. With regard to the Japan-EU Mutual Recognition Agreement, the
certification of radio and telecommunications terminal equipment by
conformity assessment bodies in the UK may not be recognised.
Securing the UK’s function as a clearing centre for the euro
and the location within the UK of EU agencies such as the
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
(Concerns over the transfer of such functions as clearing centre for the euro)
To maintain the current framework to allow the flexibility of agencies’
locations. London currently serves as the largest clearing centre for the
euro in Europe. Confining the clearing function of euro to the Eurozone
could not only diminish the efficiency of the financial centre for all of
Europe, but also have a significant impact on various financial
institutions, including those from Japan.
(Concerns over the possible transfer of EU agencies, including the European
Medicines Agency)
To maintain the current location of the European Medicines Agency
10
(EMA) and the certification system for medicines between the UK and
the EU. Japanese companies are concerned about the relocation of EU
agencies currently located within the UK. Many Japanese
pharmaceutical companies are operating in London, due to the EMA’s
location in London. If the EMA were to transfer to other EU Member
States, the appeal of London as an environment for the development of
pharmaceuticals would be lost, which could possibly lead to a shift in the
flow of R&D funds and personnel to Continental Europe. This could force
Japanese companies to reconsider their business activities.
Maintaining the UK’s access to the EU budget for research
and development and participation in the Japan-EU joint
research project
To allow Japanese businesses in the UK to continue their participation in
various R&D projects and to obtain subsidies even after the UK’s
withdrawal.
To establish a framework to allow British researchers to continue to
participate in Japan-EU joint research projects.
###
11
Additional Requests Directed at the UK
Requests directed only at the UK with regard to its policies and
measures to be taken after its withdrawal from the EU.
*Specific requests from Japanese businesses are listed in the
boxes under the headings below.
Liberalising trade in goods without the burden of customs
duties and procedures
To maintain the current level of import duties and to
reduce the burden of customs clearance procedures in the
UK
（Concerns over the UK’s own tariff levels）
To set tariffs on imports to the UK at a level as low as possible even after
the UK withdraws from the Customs Union of the EU.
Some Japanese companies import goods into the UK by utilising the
FTAs or GSPs between the EU and third countries, and there are
concerns over whether these frameworks could be maintained.
（Concerns over complicated and cumbersome customs procedures）
To maintain the framework of mutual recognition regarding AEOs that
Japan has with the UK as a part of the EU with a view to facilitating
trade and the framework of information exchange for measures such as
border control after its withdrawal.
Maintaining access to workers with the necessary skills
To maintain an immigration system that allows the
acceptance of highly skilled professionals in the banking
and other sectors
To maintain an immigration system that allows the
acceptance of workers for the construction of power plants
To give serious consideration to the appropriate visa
procedures for foreign workers
To maintain, at least, the current parameter of the immigration system.
Japanese businesses are concerned at the possibility that the UK may
impose further stringent requirements concerning visa applications by
Japanese and other foreign workers in the UK, which would affect their
business operations. In fact, the inflow of skilled labour from outside of
the EU needs to be liberalised. In order to ensure stable staffing for
business operations in the UK, the requirements for obtaining and
extending visas need to be relaxed, especially for intracompany
transferees.
12
A certain number of employees hired locally by Japanese businesses in
the UK are nationals of the other EU Member States. It is essential for
those businesses to secure qualified human resources including highly
skilled workers from Europe for their smooth business operations.
It would create a huge clerical burden on Japanese businesses if they
were required to prepare new UK visas for their employees who were
nationals of other EU Member States as a consequence of the UK’s
withdrawal.
With regard to unskilled workers, Japanese businesses rely on
inexpensive labour from Eastern Europe in the manufacturing and
agricultural industries in the UK. If their access to such labour were
restricted, staff shortages and increased labour costs could be reflected in
such firms’ product prices.
Maintaining basic policies regarding the entry of foreign
capital
To maintain the UK’s basic policy of keeping its market open to foreign
capital in the fields of nuclear power plant construction, water supply
and sewerage systems, garbage incineration and power generation. It
would have an especially significant impact on the investment projects of
Japanese enterprises if the UK changed its energy policy.
Implementing measures to promote investment
To implement measures to promote further investment including the
easing of regulations to make the UK a more attractive market.
Some Japanese businesses have their bases in the UK to oversee their
activities in the EU. The Japanese business community hopes to see the
UK implement measures to promote investment including the easing of
regulations to make the UK a more attractive investment destination.
Japanese businesses with their European headquarters in the UK may
decide to transfer their head-office function to Continental Europe if EU
laws cease to be applicable in the UK after its withdrawal.
Maintaining current levels of information protection and the
free transfer of data in case the UK establishes its own
legislation distinct from the EU’s
（Concerns over restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal data）
Japanese businesses have concerns that the free transfer of information
might be impaired once the UK releases itself from the EU’s data
protection legislation and establishes its own legislation.
13
Ensuring the consistency of regulations and standards
between the UK and the EU
Not to increase the clerical burden when applying certifications based on
regulations and standards that have force only in the UK and distinct
from European Norms.
There are concerns over the possible occurrence of a cumbersome or
lengthy process for pharmaceutical approvals and an increase in the
clerical burden once the UK establishes its own framework distinct from
the EU’s, in a move away from international efforts at the harmonisation
of pharmaceutical regulations, the framework of mutual recognition of
GMPs and the approval scheme operated by the European Medicines
Agency.
Ensuring that the EU’s research and development budget
applies to research institutions in the UK
To subsidise research and development or implement alternative support
measures in case the UK loses subsidies from the EU.
###
14
Additional Request Directed at the EU
A request directed only at the EU with regard to their policies and
measures taken after the withdrawal of the UK from the EU.
*Specific requests from Japanese companies are listed in the box
under the heading below.
Providing transitional arrangements for the single
passporting system
To introduce grandfathering measures for branches established in the
EU through companies’ UK headquarters with the single passport. In
case there is a need to establish a new base in the EU, it is important to
ensure the dissemination of accurate information on licensing
procedures and the timing requirements as well as on measures to avoid
the creation of extra burdens.
###
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