FISCAL
FACT
The Tax Foundation is a 501(c)(3)
non-partisan, non-profit research
institution founded in 1937 to
educate the public on tax policy.
Based in Washington, DC, our
economic and policy analysis is
guided by the principles of sound
tax policy: simplicity, neutrality,
transparency, and stability.
©2016 Tax Foundation
Distributed under
Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 4.0
Editor, Melodie Bowler
Designer, Dan Carvajal
Tax Foundation
1325 G Street, NW, Suite 950
Washington, DC 20005
202.464.6200
taxfoundation.org
Details and Analysis of
Senator Bernie Sanders’s Tax Plan
By Alan Cole and Scott Greenberg
Economist
Analyst
Jan. 2016
No. 498
Key Findings:

· Senator Sanders (I-VT) would enact a number of policies that would raise
payroll taxes and individual income taxes, especially on high-income
households.

· Senator Sanders’s plan would raise tax revenue by $13.6 trillion over the
next decade on a static basis. However, the plan would end up collecting
$9.8 trillion over the next decade when accounting for decreased economic
output in the long run.

· A majority of the revenue raised by the Sanders plan would come from a
new 6.2 percent employer-side payroll tax, a new 2.2 percent broad-based
income tax, and the elimination of tax expenditures relating to healthcare.

· According to the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth Model, the plan would
significantly increase marginal tax rates and the cost of capital, which would
lead to 9.5 percent lower GDP over the long term.

· On a static basis, the plan would lead to 10.56 percent lower after-tax
income for all taxpayers and 17.91 percent lower after-tax income for the
top 1 percent. When accounting for reduced GDP, after-tax incomes of all
taxpayers would fall by at least 12.84 percent.
2
Over the past few months, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) has released details of changes
he would make to the federal tax code.1 His plan would increase marginal tax rates on all
taxpayers, through higher individual income tax rates and two new payroll taxes. The plan
includes several provisions aimed at high-income households: it would raise the top marginal
income tax rate to 54.2 percent, tax capital gains and dividends as ordinary income, replace
the alternative minimum tax with a new limit on itemized deductions, and expand the estate
tax. In addition, the plan would create a new financial transactions tax and move the U.S.
toward a worldwide tax system by ending the deferral of foreign-source business income.
Our analysis finds that the plan would increase federal revenues by $13.6 trillion over the
next decade. The plan would also increase marginal tax rates on both labor and capital. As a
result, the plan would reduce the size of gross domestic product (GDP) by 9.5 percent over
the long term. This decrease in GDP would translate into an 18.6 percent smaller capital
stock and 6.0 million fewer full-time equivalent jobs. After accounting for the economic
effects of the tax changes, the plan would end up increasing federal tax revenues by $9.8
trillion over the next decade.
Details of the Plan
Individual Income Tax Changes

·
Adds four new income tax brackets for high-income households, with rates of 37
percent, 43 percent, 48 percent, and 52 percent.

·
Taxes capital gains and dividends at ordinary income rates for households with
income over $250,000.

·
Creates a new 2.2 percent “income-based [health care] premium paid by
households.” This is equivalent to increasing all tax bracket rates by 2.2
percentage points, and would raise the top marginal income tax rate to 54.2
percent.
1
“How Bernie pays for his proposals,” https://berniesanders.com/issues/how-bernie-pays-for-his-proposals/; “Medicare for All:
Leaving No One Behind,” https://berniesanders.com/issues/medicare-for-all/; “Real Tax Reform Policies that Sen. Sanders Has
Proposed,” https://berniesanders.com/issues/real-tax-reform-policies-that-sen-sanders-has-proposed/
Table 1.
Individual Income Tax Brackets under Senator Bernie Sanders’s Tax Plan
Ordinary
Income
Capital Gains
and Dividends
Single Filers
Married Filers
Heads of Household
12.2%
2.2%
$0 to $9,275
$0 to $18,550
$0 to $13,250
17.2%
2.2%
$9,275 to $37,650
$18,550 to $75,300
$13,250 to $50,400
27.2%
17.2%
$37,650 to $91,150
$75,300 to $151,900
$50,400 to $130,150
30.2%
17.2%
$91,150 to $190,150
$151,900 to $231,450
$130,150 to $210,800
35.2%
17.2%
$190,150 to $250,000
$231,450 to $250,000
$210,800 to $250,000
39.2%
39.2%
$250,000 to $500,000
$250,000 to $500,000
$250,000 to $500,000
45.2%
45.2%
$500,000 to $2,000,000
$500,000 to $2,000,000
$500,000 to $2,000,000
50.2%
50.2%
$2,000,000 to $10,000,000 $2,000,000 to $10,000,000 $2,000,000 to $10,000,000
54.2%
54.2%
$10,000,000 and up
$10,000,000 and up
$10,000,000 and up
Note: The bracket thresholds above are based on 2016 parameters.
3

·
Eliminates the alternative minimum tax.

·
Eliminates the personal exemption phase-out (PEP) and the Pease limitation on
itemized deductions.

·
Limits the value of additional itemized deductions to 28 percent for households
with income over $250,000.
Payroll Tax Changes

·
Creates a new 6.2 percent employer-side payroll tax on all wages and salaries.
This is referred to by the campaign as an “income-based health care premium paid
by employers.”

·
Creates a 0.2 percent employer-side payroll tax and 0.2 percent employee-side
payroll tax, to fund a new family and medical leave trust fund.

·
Applies the Social Security payroll tax to earnings over $250,000, a threshold
which is not indexed for wage inflation.
Business Income Tax Changes

·
Eliminates several business tax provisions involving oil, gas, and coal companies.

·
Ends the deferral of income from controlled foreign subsidiaries.*

·
Changes several international tax rules to curb corporate inversions and limit use
of the foreign tax credit.*
Estate Tax Changes

· Decreases the estate tax exclusion from $5.4 million to $3.5 million.

·
Raises the estate tax rate from 40 percent to a set of rates ranging between 45
percent and 65 percent.

·
Changes several estate tax rules involving asset valuation, family trusts, gift taxes,
and farmland and conservation easements.*
Other Changes

·
Creates a financial transactions tax on the value of stocks, bonds, derivatives,
and other financial assets traded by U.S. persons. The rate of the tax ranges from
0.005 percent to 0.5 percent, depending on the type of asset.*

·
Limits like-kind exchanges of property to $1 million per taxpayer per year and
prohibits the use of like-kind exchanges for art and collectibles.*
Note: The asterisks (*) indicate provisions that were not modeled. For more information, see Modeling Notes, below.
4
Economic Impact
According to the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth Model, Senator Bernie Sanders’s tax
plan would reduce the economy’s size by 9.5 percent in the long run. The plan would lead
to 4.3 percent lower wages, an 18.6 percent smaller capital stock, and 6.0 million fewer full-
time equivalent jobs. The smaller economy results from higher marginal tax rates on capital
and labor income.
Table 2.
Economic Impact of Senator Sanders’s Tax Reform
Proposals
GDP
-9.5%
Capital Investment
-18.6%
Wage Rate
-4.3%
Full-time Equivalent Jobs (in thousands)
-5,973
Source: Tax Foundation Taxes and Growth Model, October 2015.
Revenue Impact
Overall, the plan would increase federal revenue on a static basis by $13.6 trillion over
the next 10 years. Most of the revenue gain is due to increased payroll tax revenue,
which we project to raise approximately $8.3 trillion over the next decade. The changes
to the individual income tax will raise an additional $4.9 trillion over the next decade.
The remaining $350 billion would be raised through increased estate taxes and taxes on
corporations.
If we account for the economic impact of the plan, it would end up raising $9.8 trillion over
the next decade. The smaller economy would reduce wages and investment income, which
would narrow the revenue gain from the income tax changes to $2.8 trillion and the revenue
gain from the payroll tax changes to $7.0 trillion.
Table 3.
Ten-Year Revenue Impact of Senator Sanders’s Tax Reform Proposals
(Billions of Dollars)
Tax
Static Revenue Impact
(2016-2025)
Dynamic Revenue Impact
(2016-2025)
Individual Income Taxes
$4,931
$2,759
Payroll Taxes
$8,293
$7,023
Corporate Income Taxes
$62
-$56
Excise Taxes
$0
-$65
Estate and Gift Taxes
$288
$243
Other Revenue
$0
-$76
Total
$13,574
$9,827
Note: Individual items may not sum to the total due to rounding.
Source: Tax Foundation Taxes and Growth Model, October 2015.
The largest sources of revenue in the plan are the new “health care premiums”: a 6.2 percent
employer-side payroll tax and a 2.2 percent increase in the individual income tax. Together,
these provisions would raise $6.6 trillion over 10 years, or $5.2 trillion after accounting for
economic effects.
5
Another significant source of revenue for the Sanders plan has to do with the tax treatment
of health insurance. Currently, households are not required to pay taxes on the value of
health insurance they receive from their employers, which leads to over $300 billion a
year in reduced federal revenue.2 However, the Sanders plan would put an end to nearly
all privately-provided insurance. As a result, employers would cease to compensate their
employees with health insurance and would instead increase their wages and salaries by the
value of the health insurance plans they used to provide.3 These higher wages and salaries
would then be subject to income and payroll taxes, causing federal tax revenues to increase
by $3.6 trillion over the next decade, or $3.3 trillion after accounting for economic effects.
The components of the plan aimed specifically at increasing taxes on high-income
households (partially removing the Social Security payroll tax cap, adding four new income
tax brackets, and taxing capital gains and dividends at ordinary income rates) would increase
federal revenue by $2.9 trillion on a static basis and $1.4 trillion after accounting for
economic effects.

Distributional Impact
On a static basis, the Sanders tax plan would reduce the after-tax incomes of taxpayers in
every income group. The bottom 50 percent of taxpayers would see their after-tax incomes
decrease by at least 4.87 percent. The top 50 percent of taxpayers would see their after-tax
incomes decrease by at least 8.57 percent. Finally, the top 1 percent of taxpayers would see
their after-tax incomes fall by 17.91 percent.
2 Scott Greenberg, “Options for Broadening the U.S. Tax Base,” Tax Foundation, taxfoundation.org/article/
options-broadening-us-tax-base
3 Even in the event that some private employer-provided health plans remain, the Sanders plan eliminates health tax expenditures,
which would mean that employer health premiums would still count as individual income.
Table 4.
Ten-Year Revenue and Economic Impact of the Sanders Plan by Provision
(Billions of Dollars, 2016-2025)
Provision
10-year Static
Revenue Impact
10-year Change
in Level of GDP
10-year Dynamic
Revenue Impact
Eliminate health tax expenditures
$3,551
-0.87%
$3,259
A new 0.2% employer- and employee side payroll tax (for paid
family leave)
$382
-0.16%
$325
A new 6.2% employer-side payroll tax (an employer “premium”)
$4,148
-1.76%
$3,496
Removing Social Security payroll tax cap for earnings over
$250,000
$751
-0.77%
$460
Replace AMT, PEP, and Pease with 28% limit on value of itemized
deductions
-$226
-0.11%
-$267
Create four new brackets of 37%, 43%, 48%, and 52%
$981
-0.74%
$681
Tax capital gains and dividends at ordinary income rates for income
over $250,000
$1,186
-2.42%
$265
Increase all income tax bracket rates by 2.2% (a household
“premium”)
$2,450
-1.60%
$1,687
Eliminate provisions for fossil fuel companies
$63
-0.11%
$17
Decrease the estate tax exclusion to $3.5 million and raise top rate
to 65%
$288
-0.93%
-$96
Source: Tax Foundation Taxes and Growth Model, October 2015.
6
After accounting for economic effects, taxpayers in all income groups would see their after-
tax incomes decrease by at least 12.84 percent. The top 1 percent of taxpayers would see
their incomes decrease by 24.88 percent.
Table 5.
Distributional Analysis for Senator Sanders’s Tax Plan
Effect of Tax Reform on After-Tax Income Compared to Current Law
All Returns by Decile
Static
Distributional Analysis
Dynamic
Distributional Analysis
0% to 10%
-6.41%
-14.54%
10% to 20%
-4.87%
-12.84%
20% to 30%
-5.87%
-13.63%
30% to 40%
-6.92%
-14.95%
40% to 50%
-7.95%
-16.31%
50% to 60%
-8.57%
-16.99%
60% to 70%
-9.00%
-17.32%
70% to 80%
-9.34%
-17.18%
80% to 90%
-9.46%
-17.07%
90% to 100%
-12.93%
-20.28%
99% to 100%
-17.91%
-24.88%
TOTAL FOR ALL
-10.56%
-18.23%
Source: Tax Foundation Taxes and Growth Model, October 2015.
It is important to note that these figures only reflect changes in after-tax income that result
from Senator Sanders’s tax plan. They do not take into account the distributional effects of
any of the spending programs that Senator Sanders has proposed.
Conclusion
Senator Bernie Sanders would enact a number of tax policies that would raise tax revenue
over the next decade. Together, his proposals would significantly expand federal revenue
collections by $13.6 trillion on a static basis, driven mostly by broad-based taxes on income
and payroll. If enacted, the Sanders plan would significantly increase marginal tax rates on
capital and labor income, which would result in a substantial reduction of the size of the U.S.
economy in the long run. This would decrease the revenue that the new tax policies would
ultimately collect to $9.8 trillion. Senator Sanders’s plan would decrease after-tax incomes
for taxpayers at all income levels, but especially high-income taxpayers.
7 Modeling Notes
The Taxes and Growth Model does not take into account the fiscal or economic effects of
interest on debt. It also does not require budgets to balance over the long term, nor does
it account for the potential macroeconomic or distributional effects of any changes to
government spending that may accompany the tax plan.
We modeled the revenue and economic impacts of the tax provisions outlined above except
for changes to international tax rules, changes to estate tax rules (other than the rates and
exclusion), limitations on like-kind exchanges, and the new financial transactions tax. The
omissions were due to either data limitations or insufficient details from the candidate.4 We
do not model any potential transitional costs associated with the plan.
The tax plan released by the Sanders campaign was unclear on a few points. To seek
additional clarity from the campaign, we sent the following document on January 19th
to the campaign policy staff, with questions about the details of the plan. The letter also
explained what modeling assumptions we would use if the campaign did not send us further
clarification. We did not receive a response, and therefore we used the assumptions outlined
in the letter below.
Clarifying Questions Regarding Senator Sanders’s Tax Plan
We are in the process of modeling the budgetary and economic effects of Senator Bernie
Sanders’s tax plan. Below are a few questions, to clarify the details of the plan.
1.
The plan includes a “6.2% income-based health care premium paid by employers.”
a. Would this premium apply to an employee’s payroll or an employee’s income?
b.
If the premium applies to an employee’s payroll, would there be any cap on the
portion of payroll that is subject to the premium?
c.
If the premium applies to an employee’s income, what measure of income is
subject to the premium? For instance, would the premium apply based on an
employee’s AGI, MAGI, taxable income, or some other measure?
d.
If the premium applies to an employee’s income, what mechanism would
businesses use to determine the income of their employees?
e.
If the premium applies to an employee’s income, would there be any cap on the
portion of income that is subject to the premium?
4 However, some of these provisions have been modeled by other organizations. The Treasury Department estimates that ending the
deferral of foreign-source income would raise $812 billion over ten years (https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/
Documents/Tax-Expenditures-FY2016.pdf). The Tax Policy Center estimates that a revenue-maximizing financial transactions tax
could bring in $75 billion in 2017 (http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/UploadedPDF/2000587-financial-transaction-taxes.pdf).
8
2.
The plan includes a “2.2 percent income-based premium paid by households.”
a. What measure of income is subject to the premium? Would the premium apply
based on a household’s AGI, MAGI, taxable income, ordinary income, or some
other measure?
b. According to the most recent document released by the Sanders campaign, the
marginal income tax rates for high income individuals would be 37%, 43%, 48%,
and 52%. Do these rates include the 2.2% household premium? Or would the
2.2% premium apply on top of these rates?
3.
Senator Sanders has previously released a Social Security reform plan that would
raise the net investment income tax to 10%. However, according to the most recent
document released by the Sanders campaign, the plan would tax “capital gains and
dividends the same as income from work.” Under the Sanders plan, would the net
investment income tax rate be lowered to 0%, kept at the current 3.8%, or raised to
10%?
4.
The plan includes “savings from health tax expenditures” on the order of $310 billion
a year. The largest health tax expenditure is the exclusion of employer-provided
healthcare plans from taxable income. If the Sanders plan intends to eliminate this
exclusion, does this mean that publicly-provided health insurance would be included
in taxable income?
If we do not receive a response from the campaign by the end of January 25th, we will make
the following assumptions:
1.
We will assume that the “6.2% income-based health care premium paid by
employers” is a payroll tax, rather than a tax on an employee’s overall income. We
will assume that the tax applies to all payroll.
2.
We will assume that the “2.2 percent income-based premium paid by households”
applies to taxable income. We will also assume that it applies in addition to the 37%,
43%, 48%, and 52% brackets, meaning that individuals earning over $10 million
would pay a marginal income tax rate of 54.2%.
3.
We will assume that the net investment income tax rate is lowered to 0%, following
the most recent statement of the Sanders campaign that capital gains and dividends
would be taxed “the same as income from work.”
4.
We will assume that the Sanders plan does not include publicly-provided health
insurance in taxable income.